{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:14:36Z","timestamp":1784546076402,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23H02146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H02146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23K26839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K26839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26K01686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26K01686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23H04539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H04539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and tetrodotoxins (TTX) in scallops, PSTs and TTX were analyzed in the hemolymph supernatant (hemolymph-S) and digestive gland in Yesso and Akazara scallops cultured in eastern Japan. In Yesso scallops sampled between 22 April 2025 and 21 October 2025, the PST concentrations in the hemolymph-S were 1.6\u201317% of those in the digestive gland, showing a positive correlation (r = 0.753). However, the PST composition in the hemolymph-S and digestive gland differed; the hemolymph-S composition initially resembled that of laboratory-cultured dinoflagellates, coinciding with typical onset of toxic dinoflagellate blooms in late April. Following this period, the PST composition in the hemolymph-S gradually converged with that of the digestive gland, via chemical transformation in the digestive gland followed by release into the hemolymph. The ratios of 11\u03b2-OSO3H toxins (C2, GTX4, GTX3) to 11\u03b1-OSO3H toxins (C1, GTX1, GTX2), which exist in chemical equilibrium, exhibited a similar trend. TTX was detected in both tissues of Yesso and Akazara scallops collected from 28 August 2025 to 27 January 2026, with the hemolymph-S concentration being 0.5\u20135.4% of that in the digestive gland. These results suggest that these toxins are sequestered into the digestive gland from the PST-producing dinoflagellates and certain TTX-bearing organisms, and then they partially flow into the hemolymph for circulation throughout the body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24060200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:10:42Z","timestamp":1780668642000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hemolymph-Mediated Dynamics of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in Scallops"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ranmaru","family":"Matsui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6238-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1586-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiichi","family":"Konoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazue","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5009-0409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"Yotsu-Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1039\/b501296c","article-title":"Saxitoxin, a toxic marine natural product that targets a multitude of receptors","volume":"23","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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