{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:34:36Z","timestamp":1791038076315,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES030319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES030319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01ES030319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES030319"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00j4k1h63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE1839041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE1839041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["OCE1839041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE1839041"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Washington EDGE Center of the National Institute of Health","award":["P30ES007033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES007033"]}]},{"name":"Proteomics and Bioinformatics Core of the Diabetes Research Center","award":["P30DK017047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK017047"]}]},{"name":"University of Washington Nathan Shock Center","award":["P30 AG013280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG013280"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Domoic acid (DA) is a well-known seafood toxin produced by some species of marine phytoplankton in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia during harmful algal blooms (HABs). Acute toxic exposures induce overt clinical signs of neuroexcitotoxicity, such as seizures in mammals due to overstimulation of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Acute DA excitotoxicity via the CNS has been well-studied in both field poisoning events and laboratory exposure studies with rodent models, but little is known about the impacts of low-level DA exposures below those that cause outward signs of neurotoxicity; the impacts on other potential target organs, including the heart; or age-related sensitivities. Here, low-level DA exposures in young adult (9 mo) and old (24 mo) mice were conducted over multiple weeks. Mortality, cardiac function, frailty, and protein expression were quantified to assess age-related DA sensitivity and potential impacts on heart function. Echocardiography and proteome data confirm that chronic low-level DA exposure causes irreversible functional cardiomyopathy and protein remodeling in young adult mice that mimics natural cardiac aging. In addition, old mice exhibit higher mortality and frailty than young adult mice with the same low-level DA exposures. These results provide critical information for assessing potential health risks to humans who regularly consume seafood with low levels of DA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24060210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1781492487000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Low-Level Domoic Acid Exposure Induces Age-like Cardiomyopathy in Young Adult and Aged Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sophia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Bammler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathi A.","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemistry Program, Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5187-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Marcinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69020693.x","article-title":"Domoic acid neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons is mediated predominantly by NMDA receptors that are activated as a consequence of excitatory amino acid release","volume":"69","author":"Berman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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