{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:31:33Z","timestamp":1785407493953,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200161"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200161"]}]},{"award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200161"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200161"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005289","name":"Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["003864121 2025 09418 003 000 000 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["003864121 2025 09418 003 000 000 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC)-based carriers offer a promising strategy to improve the oral delivery of anti-inflammatory agents with limited bioavailability or variable pharmacodynamic profiles. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of previously optimized formulations of chitosan\/xanthan gum PEC microparticles loaded with either ibuprofen or escin, using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, histopathological and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunohistochemical analyses, and the hot plate test. Ibuprofen-loaded microparticles significantly reduced paw swelling during the peak inflammatory phase (5\u20136 h after treatment administration), although no significant differences in overall edema response or antinociceptive activity were observed compared with free ibuprofen. In contrast, escin-loaded microparticles at 10 mg\/kg produced the most pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, significantly reducing paw swelling, edema area under the curve (AUC), histopathological lesion scores, and COX-2 expression compared with both the negative control and the corresponding free escin formulation. Escin-loaded microparticles also showed stronger and more sustained antinociceptive activity than free escin. However, the 20 mg\/kg formulation did not provide additional anti-inflammatory or antinociceptive benefits. These findings demonstrate that chitosan\/xanthan gum PEC microparticles can enhance the pharmacodynamic performance of orally administered anti-inflammatory agents. The magnitude of this effect depended on the incorporated drug and was particularly notable for escin, for which microencapsulation improved both anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24070225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:16:44Z","timestamp":1782699404000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microparticles Based on Chitosan\/Xanthan Gum Polyelectrolyte Complex Modulate the Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Ibuprofen and Escin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0993-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"\u0106iri\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9229-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Marti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-7176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milana","family":"Bosanac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana","family":"Andreji\u0107 Vi\u0161nji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Ra\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"\u0110eki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory Responses and Inflammationassociated Diseases in Organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the Nociceptive System: From Nociceptors to Brain Networks","volume":"Volume 179","author":"Rosner","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology, Neuropathic Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavda, V.P., Feehan, J., and Apostolopoulos, V. 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