{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:46:45Z","timestamp":1785415605301,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}]},{"award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"individual FCT PhD research grants","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144155\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144155\/2019"]}]},{"name":"individual FCT PhD research grants","award":["SFRH\/BD\/05747\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/05747\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fucus vesiculosus (FV) is a brown macroalga rich in bioactive compounds with significant industrial potential. This study aimed to produce enzyme-assisted water-soluble hydrolysates from FV with optimized antioxidant activity using Box\u2013Behnken experimental designs. Two extraction methods were evaluated: cellulase alone (FVc) and a combination of cellulase and alcalase (FVca). The optimization focused on enzyme concentration, temperature, and incubation time, measuring extraction yield, total phenolic content as determined by the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu assay (non-specific reducing capacity index, FC-derived TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Results demonstrated that the combined dual-enzyme (FVca) treatment was highly efficient, simultaneously maximizing the extraction yield (39.41%) and the overall reducing capacity (TAC of 142.80 \u00b5mol TE\/g, ORAC of 477.64 \u00b5mol TE\/g, and a FC-derived TPC of 252.57 mg GAE\/g). Due to its higher potential, FVca was further characterized, revealing a rich profile of essential amino acids, low-molecular-weight peptides, and a diverse phenolic profile, dominated by phloroglucinol (6.23 mg\/g). In addition, the FVca hydrolysate demonstrated severe abiotic interference with the redox viability assay at 10 mg\/mL in Caco-2 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell cultures. These findings highlight that combining cellulase and alcalase effectively solubilizes key bioactive compounds, yielding a hydrolysate highly promising for industrial and biotechnological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24070251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:32:08Z","timestamp":1784514728000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enzymatic Hydrolysates from Fucus vesiculosus: Optimal Process, Chemical Profile and Bioactivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6723-4974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Nova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1336-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara A.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7705-2293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4764-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Costa-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Instituto de Patologia Molecular e Imunologia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobus, N.V., and Kulikovskiy, M.S. (2023). The Co-Evolution Aspects of the Biogeochemical Role of Phytoplankton in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010092"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Meng, W., Su, Y., Qian, C., and Fu, W. (2023). Emerging technologies for advancing microalgal photosynthesis and metabolism toward sustainable production. Front. Mar. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1260709"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2023.2174068","article-title":"It comes from the sea: Macroalgae-derived bioactive compounds with anti-cancer potential","volume":"44","author":"Nova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, C., Obando, J.M.C., dos Santos, T.C., Cavalcanti, D.N., and Teixeira, V.L. (2024). Abiotic Factors Modulating Metabolite Composition in Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae): Ecological Impacts and Opportunities for Bioprospecting of Bioactive Compounds. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22120544"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1704681","article-title":"Health benefits and bioavailability of marine resources components that contribute to health\u2014What\u2019s new?","volume":"60","author":"Nova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"FAO (2024). FAO World Fisheries and Aquaculture, FAO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1515\/bot-2022-0016","article-title":"Phylogeographic patterns in attached and free-living marine macroalga Fucus vesiculosus (Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae) in the Baltic Sea","volume":"65","author":"Preston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bot. Mar."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2025, January 07). GBIF Fucus vesiculosus L.. Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/8222574."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Circuncis\u00e3o, A.R., Ferreira, S.S., Silva, A.M.S., Coimbra, M.A., and Cardoso, S.M. (2024). Fucus vesiculosus-Rich Extracts as Potential Functional Food Ingredients: A Holistic Extraction Approach. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13040540"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nova, P., Pimenta-Martins, A., Maricato, \u00c9., Nunes, C., Abreu, H., Coimbra, M.A., Freitas, A.C., and Gomes, A.M. (2023). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Five Algae Cultivated in Fully Controlled Closed Systems. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124588"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.104769","article-title":"Exploring Fucus vesiculosus phlorotannins: Insights into chemistry, extraction, purification, identification and bioactivity","volume":"61","author":"Golshany","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catarino, M.D., Fernandes, I., Oliveira, H., Carrascal, M., Ferreira, R., Silva, A.M.S., Cruz, M.T., Mateus, N., and Cardoso, S.M. (2021). Antitumor Activity of Fucus vesiculosus-Derived Phlorotannins through Activation of Apoptotic Signals in Gastric and Colorectal Tumor Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147604"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutot, M., Olivier, E., Fouyet, S., Magny, R., Hammad, K., Roulland, E., Rat, P., and Fagon, R. (2021). In Vitro Chemopreventive Potential of Phlorotannins-Rich Extract from Brown Algae by Inhibition of Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced P2X7 Activation and Toxic Effects. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19010034"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getachew, A.T., Holdt, S.L., Meyer, A.S., and Jacobsen, C. (2022). Effect of Extraction Temperature on Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Fucus vesiculosus. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20040263"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermund, D.B., Torsteinsen, H., Vega, J., and Figueroa, F.L. (2022). Screening for New Cosmeceuticals from Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus with Antioxidant and Photo-Protecting Properties. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20110687"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nova, P., Cunha, S.A., Costa-Pinto, A.R., and Gomes, A.M. (2024). Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Solvent and Enzyme-Assisted Extracts of Fucus vesiculosus and Porphyra dioica. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22070319"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12977","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.12977","article-title":"Bioactive Polysaccharides Extracts from Sargassum muticum by High Hydrostatic Pressure","volume":"41","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.2c04132","article-title":"Subcritical Water Treatment for Valorization of the Red Algae Residue after Agar Extraction: Scale-Up from Laboratory to Pilot Plant","volume":"62","author":"Trigueros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quit\u00e9rio, E., Grosso, C., Ferraz, R., Delerue-Matos, C., and Soares, C. (2022). A Critical Comparison of the Advanced Extraction Techniques Applied to Obtain Health-Promoting Compounds from Seaweeds. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20110677"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, G.S., Pereira, S.G., Genisheva, Z.A., Gomes, A.M., Teixeira, J.A., and Rocha, C.M.R. (2021). Advances in extraction methods to recover added-value compounds from seaweeds: Sustainability and functionality. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030516"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/00224065.1980.11980968","article-title":"Simultaneous Optimization of Several Response Variables","volume":"12","author":"Derringer","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Qual. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/1268392","article-title":"Is the Regression Equation Adequate?: A Further Note","volume":"22","author":"Suich","year":"1980","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-quintana, M., Padr, C., Dolbeth, M., Arenas, F., Vasconcelos, V., and Lopes, G. (2024). Revealing the Potential of Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus for Cosmetic Purposes: Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Commercial and Wild Samples. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22120548"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Oliveira, C., Li, Q., Ferreira, A.S., Nunes, C., Coimbra, M.A., Reis, R.L., Martins, A., Wang, C., and Silva, T.H. (2023). Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus Inhibits Inflammatory Response, Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050302"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, P., Imre, B., Wong, A.C.Y., Hsieh, Y.S.Y., and Wang, D. (2021). Brown algae carbohydrates: Structures, pharmaceutical properties, and research challenges. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110620"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.05.019","article-title":"Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry","volume":"76","author":"Bezerra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, W., Zha, W., Zhou, X., and Xu, T. (2024). Experimental Study Based on Box-Behnken Design and Response Surface Methodology for Optimization Proportioning of Activated Lithium Slag Composite Cement-Based Cementitious Materials. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112651"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Dom\u00ednguez, M.C., Cerezal, P., Salinas, F., Medina, E., and Renato-Castro, G. (2020). Application of Box-Behnken Design and Desirability Function for Green Prospection of Bioactive Compounds from Isochrysis galbana. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10082789"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagale, U., Kadi, A., Malinin, A., Anjum, V., Potoroko, I., and Sonawane, S.H. (2023). Impact of a Sonochemical Approach to the Structural and Antioxidant Activity of Brown Algae (Fucoidan) Using the Box\u2013Behnken Design Method. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11071884"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloufi, A.S., Al Riyami, B., Fawzy, M.A., Al-Yasi, H.M., Koutb, M., and Hassan, S.H.A. (2024). Model-Assisted Optimization of Cobalt Biosorption on Macroalgae Padina pavonica for Wastewater Treatment. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16060887"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130405","article-title":"Application of response surface methodology and box-behnken design for the optimization of mercury removal by Ulva sp.","volume":"445","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha, S.A., Coscueta, E.R., Nova, P., Silva, J.L., and Pintado, M.M. (2022). Bioactive Hydrolysates from Chlorella vulgaris: Optimal Process and Bioactive Properties. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082505"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41775-0","article-title":"Novel combination of feed enzymes to improve the degradation of Chlorella vulgaris recalcitrant cell wall","volume":"9","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.10.063","article-title":"Aqueous enzymatic process for cell wall degradation and lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis sp","volume":"223","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Hosano, N., and Hosano, H. (2022). Recovering Microalgal Bioresources: A Review of Cell Disruption Methods and Extraction Technologies. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092786"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-Llamero, C., Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, P., and Se\u00f1or\u00e1ns, F.J. (2021). Combination of Synergic Enzymes and Ultrasounds as an Effective Pretreatment Process to Break Microalgal Cell Wall and Enhance Algal Oil Extraction. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081928"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Januario, A.P., Carina, F., Rafael, F., Shiels, K., Murray, P., and Lemos, M.F.L. (2024). Exploring the Therapeutical Potential of Asparagopsis armata Biomass: A Novel Approach for Acne Vulgaris Treatment. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22110489"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1523-1","article-title":"Antioxidant properties and lipid composition of selected microalgae","volume":"31","author":"Banskota","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-019-01906-6","article-title":"Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from brown seaweeds and characterization","volume":"32","author":"Habeebullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.C., Ngo, K.N., Tran, H.K., and Barrow, C.J. (2024). Enzyme-Assisted Coextraction of Phenolics and Polysaccharides from Padina gymnospora. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22010042"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obluchinskaya, E.D., Pozharitskaya, O.N., Shevyrin, V.A., Kovaleva, E.G., Flisyuk, E.V., and Shikov, A.N. (2023). Optimization of Extraction of Phlorotannins from the Arctic Fucus vesiculosus Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their HPLC Profiling with Tandem High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050263"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-mart\u00ednez, L., Santos-mej\u00edas, A., De Torre-ram\u00edrez, J.M., Ba\u00f1os, A., Verardo, V., and G\u00f3mez-caravaca, A.M. (2025). Optimization of a Sonotrode Extraction Method and New Insight of Phenolic Composition of Fucus vesiculosus. Mar. Drugs, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23010040"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c00720","article-title":"Digital Database of Absorption Spectra of Diverse Flavonoids Enables Structural Comparisons and Quantitative Evaluations","volume":"86","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, D., Park, K., Lee, J., Choi, J., Du, H., Jeong, H., Li, L., Sakai, K., and Kang, S. (2024). Effects of Resistance Exercise and Essential Amino Acid Intake on Muscle Quality, Myokine, and Inflammation Factors in Young Adult Males. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111688"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0139-z","article-title":"Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids: A review","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church, D.D., Hirsch, K.R., Park, S., Kim, I.-Y., Gwin, J.A., Pasiakos, S.M., Wolfe, R.R., and Ferrando, A.A. (2020). Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123717"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruzat, V., Macedo Rogero, M., Noel Keane, K., Curi, R., and Newsholme, P. (2018). Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0459.v1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02424-3","article-title":"Exploring the potential of asparagine restriction in solid cancer treatment: Recent discoveries, therapeutic implications, and challenges","volume":"41","author":"Fontes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01540-x","article-title":"Metabolism of asparagine in the physiological state and cancer","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06299-8","article-title":"SLC38A2 and glutamine signalling in cDC1s dictate anti-tumour immunity","volume":"620","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J.Y., Tso, R., Teo, H.S., and Haldar, S. (2023). The utility of algae as sources of high value nutritional ingredients, particularly for alternative\/complementary proteins to improve human health. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1277343"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleakley, S., and Hayes, M. (2017). Algal Proteins: Extraction, Application, and Challenges Concerning Production. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6050033"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00904-4","article-title":"Therapeutic peptides: Current applications and future directions","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Liu, J., He, Z., and Du, R. (2024). Plant-Derived as Alternatives to Animal-Derived Bioactive Peptides: A Review of the Preparation, Bioactivities, Structure\u2013Activity Relationships, and Applications in Chronic Diseases. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193277"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9, R., Guedes, L., Melo, R., Ascens\u00e3o, L., Pacheco, R., Vaz, P.D., and Serralheiro, M.L. (2020). Effect of food preparations on in vitro bioactivities and chemical components of Fucus vesiculosus. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9070955"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106751","article-title":"Exploring the structure\u2013activity relationships and molecular mechanisms of food-derived antioxidative peptides in mitigating oxidative stress: A comprehensive review","volume":"127","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-021-00388-0","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of low-molecular-weight peptides (0\u20133 kDa) from Spirulina platensis on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in L02 human liver cells","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akter, S., Addepalli, R., Netzel, M.E., Tinggi, U., Fletcher, M.T., Sultanbawa, Y., and Osborne, S.A. (2019). Antioxidant-Rich Extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana Interfere with Estimation of Cell Viability. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060191"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.08.009","article-title":"V Pitfalls of the MTT assay: Direct and off-target effects of inhibitors can result in over\/underestimation of cell viability","volume":"574","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.3390\/md13042327","article-title":"Fucoidan and cancer: A multifunctional molecule with anti-tumor potential","volume":"13","author":"Atashrazm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, H., Lee, J.Y., Yang, C., Song, G., and Lim, W. (2020). Fucoidan Derived from Fucus vesiculosus Inhibits the Development of Human Ovarian Cancer via the Disturbance of Calcium Homeostasis, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Angiogenesis. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18010045"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.057","article-title":"Chemical composition of red, brown and green macroalgae from Buarcos bay in Central West Coast of Portugal","volume":"183","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3023","article-title":"Infusions of Portuguese medicinal plants: Dependence of final antioxidant capacity and phenol content on extraction features","volume":"87","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez Cunha, M., Coscueta, E.R., Brassesco, M.E., Marques, R., Neto, J., Almada, F., Gon\u00e7alves, D., and Pintado, M. (2023). Exploring Bioactivities and Peptide Content of Body Mucus from the Lusitanian Toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186458"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, M., Oliveira, C., Coscueta, E.R., Pereira, R.N., Teixeira, J.A., and Pintado, M.E. (2022). Bioactivity and Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds in Gastrointestinal Digestion of Tomato Bagasse Extracts. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11071064"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, V.F.R., Coelho, M., Machado, M., Costa, E., Gomes, A.M., Po\u00e7as, F., Sperotto, R.A., Rosa-martinez, E., Vasconcelos, M., and Pintado, M.E. (2024). Integrated Valorization of Fucus spiralis Alga: Polysaccharides and Bioactives for Edible Films and Residues as Biostimulants. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182938"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, E.M., Silva, S., Pereira, C.F., Ribeiro, A.B., Casanova, F., Freixo, R., Pintado, M., and Ramos, \u00d3.L. (2023). Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102408"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/24\/7\/251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:38:32Z","timestamp":1784515112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/24\/7\/251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["md24070251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md24070251","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]}}}