{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:10:57Z","timestamp":1788844257329,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mar. Drugs","Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps sustain highly productive animal communities through chemosynthetic symbioses, among which bathymodioline mussels are prominent examples. Bathymodioline gill bacteriocytes accommodate intracellular chemosynthetic symbionts, including sulfur- and\/or methane-oxidizing bacteria depending on the host species, while remaining sheltered in an epithelium continuously exposed to environmental microorganisms, creating a fundamental immunological problem: how can an innate defense system remain effective without eliminating the microbial partners on which host nutrition depends? This review examines this problem through Bathymodiolus azoricus, integrating two decades of work on its cellular immunity, gill transcriptome, microbial challenge responses and symbiosis biology with recent mechanistic studies from related bathymodiolines. Central to the present synthesis are previously reported B. azoricus observations showing that gill tissue can mount local transcriptional responses to bacterial challenge, while hemolymph serum differentially modulates immune-gene expression following exposure to symbiont preparations or non-symbiotic Vibrio. Immune-gene expression also varies along the anterior\u2013posterior gill axis, with lower expression in the posterior budding zone than in mature anterior filaments. We interpret this zonation primarily as a feature of tissue maturation rather than demonstrated active immune suppression, consistent with evidence that newly formed filaments are initially aposymbiotic and become colonized only after formation. Together, these observations evoke a host\u2013symbiont\u2013pathogen triad in which local gill-tissue responses, systemic humoral modulation and gill development constitute interacting levels of immune organization and compartmentalization. As a working hypothesis, we propose that this triad is reconciled principally through spatial and developmental compartmentalization of immune competence rather than through generalized immune suppression, predicting that immune-gene expression should track gill maturation state rather than symbiont occupancy per se. We consider this tissue-level model alongside comparative evidence for putative symbiont-uptake mechanisms, post-engulfment microbial discrimination, lysosomal regulation, symbiont digestion and bacteriocyte turnover, including the mTORC1-dependent phagosome-digestion checkpoint demonstrated in Bathymodiolus japonicus. Rather than assuming that these mechanisms are conserved across species, we distinguish explicitly between findings established in B. azoricus, evidence from other bathymodiolines and canonical pathways used as mechanistic context. We conclude by identifying unresolved components of B. azoricus immunity, including the prophenoloxidase system, the broader antimicrobial-peptide repertoire and the relationship between cellular checkpoints and tissue-level gill zonation, and consider the prospective biotechnological relevance of mechanisms that tolerate persistent microbial symbiosis without loss of immune vigilance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24090312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Host\u2013Symbiont\u2013Pathogen Triad in Bathymodiolus azoricus: The Multifunctional Gill at the Deep-Sea Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6866-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal"},{"name":"OKEANOS Institute of Marine Sciences, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1126\/science.203.4385.1073","article-title":"Submarine thermal springs on the Gal\u00e1pagos Rift","volume":"203","author":"Corliss","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1126\/science.207.4438.1421","article-title":"East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments","volume":"207","author":"Spiess","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dover, C.L. 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