{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:39Z","timestamp":1789189599319,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mar. Drugs","Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The deep sea harbors a substantial proportion of the ocean\u2019s unexplored biological and chemical diversity, while hydrothermal vent ecosystems expose resident organisms to unusual combinations of hydrostatic pressure, steep chemical gradients, reduced compounds, and elevated metal concentrations. This Review examines the deep-sea vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus, a dominant species at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal fields, as a source of biological mechanisms and molecular systems with potential biomedical relevance. We integrate three areas that have largely developed separately in the literature: innate immunity and host\u2013symbiont interactions, mussel-derived wet adhesion and byssal structural proteins, and shell biomineralization and repair. These published observations are complemented by targeted reanalyses of legacy and more recent B. azoricus transcriptomic resources, used here as supporting transcriptomic evidence for molecular families relevant to these themes rather than as standalone genome-scale transcriptomic studies. Particular attention is given to mussel foot proteins and byssal collagens as candidate templates for wet-tissue adhesives and structural biomaterials, and to shell-derived calcium carbonate as a potential precursor for calcium-phosphate-based materials. We further advance a specific, testable hypothesis\u2014long-term exposure to the metal-rich hydrothermal vent environment may have influenced the metal-binding chemistry of B. azoricus adhesive and structural proteins, potentially generating functional properties distinct from those of shallow-water mytilids. This possibility is biologically plausible in light of established DOPA\u2013metal coordination mechanisms in mussel adhesion, but no direct comparative measurements of Fe3+-binding affinity, metal-mediated cross-linking, or adhesive performance currently demonstrate such an advantage in B. azoricus. The species should therefore be regarded not as a proven source of superior vent-adapted biomaterials, but as a well-suited experimental system in which immunity, bioadhesion, biomineralization, and environmental adaptation converge to generate specific hypotheses for biomedical discovery. Comparative functional studies, protein-level validation of transcript-derived candidates, and improved molecular characterization of foot and mantle tissues will be required to test these possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md24090318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:13:03Z","timestamp":1789031583000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomedical Potential of the Deep-Sea Vent Mussel\u00a0Bathymodiolus azoricus: Integrating Immunity, Bioadhesion, Biomineralization, and Targeted Transcriptomic Reanalysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6866-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OKEANOS Institute, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of the University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark\u2014Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Rua Ave 1, Edif\u00edcio 1(sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago H.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of the University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark\u2014Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Rua Ave 1, Edif\u00edcio 1(sede), Barco, 4805-694 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"The biology of hydrothermal vent animals\u2014Physiology, biochemistry, and autotrophic symbioses","volume":"30","author":"Childress","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oceanogr. 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