{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:06:55Z","timestamp":1790762815577,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]],"date-time":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1263859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine organisms, and specially phytoplankton species, are able to produce a diverse array of toxic compounds that are not yet fully understood in terms of their main targets and biological function. Toxins such as saxitoxins, tetrodotoxin, palytoxin, nodularin, okadaic acid, domoic acid, may be produced in large amounts by dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, bacteria and diatoms and accumulate in vectors that transfer the toxin along food chains. These may affect top predator organisms, including human populations, leading in some cases to death. Nevertheless, these toxins may also affect the reproduction of aquatic organisms that may be in contact with the toxins, either by decreasing the amount or quality of gametes or by affecting embryonic development. Adults of some species may be insensitive to toxins but early stages are more prone to intoxication because they lack effective enzymatic systems to detoxify the toxins and are more exposed to the toxins due to a higher metabolic growth rate. In this paper we review the current knowledge on the effects of some of the most common marine toxins on the reproduction and development of early stages of some organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md8010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]],"date-time":"2010-01-19T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1263894774000},"page":"59-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Effects of Marine Toxins on the Reproduction and Early Stages Development of Aquatic Organisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Porto University, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine and Environmental Research Center, CIIMAR, CIMAR-LA, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Research Center, CIIMAR, CIMAR-LA, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Porto University, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine and Environmental Research Center, CIIMAR, CIMAR-LA, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Environmental Research Center, CIIMAR, CIMAR-LA, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1986.tb15561.x","article-title":"Structure-activity relations of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and analogues","volume":"479","author":"Kao","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-005-0066-y","article-title":"Modeling the pore structure of voltage-gated sodium channels in closed, open, and fast-inactivated conformation reveals details of site 1 toxin and local anesthetic binding","volume":"12","author":"Scheib","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Model"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.4.1698-1701.2000","article-title":"A tetrodotoxin-producing Vibrio strain LM-1, from the Puffer fish Fugu vermicularis radiates","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.07.021","article-title":"Two novel species of tetrodotoxin-produciong bacteria isolated from toxic marine puffer fishes","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-005-1926-4","article-title":"Detection of tetrodotoxin and bacterial production by Serratia marcescens","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3069","article-title":"Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in a starfish, Astropecten scoparius","volume":"49","author":"Maruyama","year":"1985","journal-title":"Agric Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.49.1887","article-title":"Occurrence of tetrodotoxin as the major toxinin xanthid crab Atergatis floridus","volume":"49","author":"Noguchi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00115-0","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin levels of the rough-skin newt, Taricha granulosa, increase in long-term captivity","volume":"40","author":"Hanifin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"577","article-title":"Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases","volume":"40","author":"Honkanen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2005.06.013","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of domoic acid in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"27","author":"Tiedeken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.001","article-title":"Interaction between bacteria and the domoic-acid-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle; 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