{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:31:17Z","timestamp":1791401477549,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":313,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) occurs mainly when humans ingest finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The complexity and variability of such toxins have made it difficult to develop reliable methods to routinely monitor CFP with specificity and sensitivity. This review aims to describe the methodologies available for CTX detection, including those based on the toxicological, biochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical properties of CTXs. Selecting any of these methodological approaches for routine monitoring of ciguatera may be dependent upon the applicability of the method. However, identifying a reference validation method for CTXs is a critical and urgent issue, and is dependent upon the availability of certified CTX standards and the coordinated action of laboratories. Reports of CFP cases in European hospitals have been described in several countries, and are mostly due to travel to CFP endemic areas. Additionally, the recent detection of the CTX-producing tropical genus Gambierdiscus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean of the northern hemisphere and in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the confirmation of CFP in the Canary Islands and possibly in Madeira, constitute other reasons to study the onset of CFP in Europe [1]. The question of the possible contribution of climate change to the distribution of toxin-producing microalgae and ciguateric fish is raised. The impact of ciguatera onset on European Union (EU) policies will be discussed with respect to EU regulations on marine toxins in seafood. Critical analysis and availability of methodologies for CTX determination is required for a rapid response to suspected CFP cases and to conduct sound CFP risk analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md8061838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T11:40:21Z","timestamp":1276515621000},"page":"1838-1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Update on Methodologies Available for Ciguatoxin Determination: Perspectives to Confront the Onset of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Amandine","family":"Caillaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la R\u00e0pita, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"De la Iglesia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la R\u00e0pita, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Taiana","family":"Darius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malard\u00e9, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Pauillac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du docteur Roux, 75 015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Aligizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Chinain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des micro-algues toxiques, Institut Louis Malard\u00e9, BP30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Diog\u00e8ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km 5,5. 43540 Sant Carles de la R\u00e0pita, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"In the whole text, Europe is not understood as the political entity which includes overseas territories but as a continent (geographical definition)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.81.43","article-title":"Chemistry, etiology, and food chain dynamics of marine toxins","volume":"81","author":"Yasumoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00161-6","article-title":"The changing face of ciguatera","volume":"39","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.10.002","article-title":"Optimization of ciguatoxin extraction method from blood for Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX-1)","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"192","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: also in Europe","volume":"59","author":"Moulignier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. Med. J"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2001.24387","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: an emerging syndrome in Italian travelers","volume":"8","author":"Bavastrelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Travel Med"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"de Fouw, J, Egmond, H, and Speijers, G (2001). Ciguatera fish poisoning: a review, RIVM report 388802021."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"927","article-title":"Emergence of imported ciguatera in Europe: report of 18 cases at the poison control centre of Marseille","volume":"41","author":"Pommier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050393","article-title":"Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, Canary Islands","volume":"11","author":"Luzardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Gouveia, N, Delgado, J, Gouveia, N, and Vale, P (, January May). Primeiro registo da ocorr\u00eancia de epis\u00f3dios do tipo ciguat\u00e9rico no arquip\u00e9lago da Madeira. Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Aligizaki, K (, 2009). Spread of Potentially Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellates in the Mediterranean Sea: A Response to Climate Change?. Tunis, Tunisia."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Aligizaki, K, Katikou, P, and Nikolaidis, G (2009, January 14\u201319). Toxic benthic Dinoflagellates Spreading and Potential Risk in the Mediterranean Sea. Nantes, France."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"75","article-title":"Morphological identification of two tropical dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Sinophysis in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"9","author":"Aligizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Res"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"6","article-title":"Is Gambierdiscus expanding to new areas?","volume":"36","author":"Aligizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fraga, S, Riob\u00f3, P, Diog\u00e8ne, J, Paz, B, and Franco, JM (, 2004). Toxic and Potentially Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellates Observed in Macaronesia (NE Atlantic Archipelago). Capetown, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00021a011","article-title":"Marine toxins","volume":"93","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Rev"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.574","article-title":"Determinations of marine toxins in foods","volume":"78","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125546.x","article-title":"Ciguatera update","volume":"172","author":"Lehane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00382-2","article-title":"Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains","volume":"61","author":"Lehane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.07.019","article-title":"Ciguatera: Australian perspectives on a global problem","volume":"48","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"365","article-title":"A review: studies on ciguatoxin","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Shanghai Ocean Univ"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Yasumoto, T (, 2008). Chemical Structures of Implicated Toxins. Noumea, New Caledonia."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/md6030456","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: Treatment, prevention and management","volume":"6","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickey, RW, and Plakas, SM (2009). Ciguatera: A Public Health Perspective. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.008"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"99","article-title":"Poisonous Fish in the South Pacific","volume":"59","author":"Mills","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"236","article-title":"A review of ciguatera, tropical fish poisoning, with a tentative explanation of its cause","volume":"8","author":"Randall","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.43.1021","article-title":"Finding of a dinoflagellate as a likely culprit of ciguatera","volume":"43","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.45.67","article-title":"The thecal structure of a marine toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus gen. and sp. nov. collected in a ciguatera-endemic area","volume":"45","author":"Adachi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60.2103","article-title":"Isolation and structure of ciguatoxin-4 A, a new ciguatoxin precursor, from cultures of dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus and parrotfish Scarus gibbus","volume":"60","author":"Satake","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.45.395","article-title":"Ecological survey on a dinoflagellate possibly responsible for the induction of ciguatera","volume":"45","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Halstead, B (1978). Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, Darwin Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshiro, N, Yogi, K, Asato, S, Sasaki, T, Tamanaha, K, Hirama, M, Yasumoto, T, and Inafuku, Y (2009). Ciguatera incidence and fish toxicity in Okinawa, Japan. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.05.036"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.05.007","article-title":"Ciguatera risk assessment in two toxic sites of French Polynesia using the receptor-binding assay","volume":"50","author":"Darius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinain, M, Darius, H, Ung, A, Fouc, M, Revel, T, Cruchet, P, Pauillac, S, and Laurent, D (2009). Ciguatera risk management in French Polynesia: The case study of Raivavae Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.05.032"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"225","article-title":"A study of the distribution of ciguatoxin in individual Caribbean fish","volume":"42","author":"Vernoux","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"4","article-title":"Neurology of ciguatera","volume":"70","author":"Pearn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Med. J"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05883.x","article-title":"Ciguatera and the saupe, Sarpa salpa (L.), in the Mediterranean: A possible misinterpretation","volume":"37","author":"Chevaldonne","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01158.x","article-title":"Ciguatera poisoning: an example of a public health challenge","volume":"22","author":"Ting","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.1067","article-title":"Clinical Observations on 3,009 Cases of Ciguatera (Fish Poisoning) in the South Pacific","volume":"28","author":"Bagnis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90365-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"32","author":"Glaziou","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"609","article-title":"Clinical aspects of ciguatera: an overview","volume":"34","author":"Ruff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mere. Qld Museum, Brisbane"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01798.x","article-title":"Temporal trends and epidemiological aspects of ciguatera in French Polynesia: a 10-year analysis","volume":"12","author":"Dewailly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Darius, HT, Revel, T, Ung, A, Cruchet, P, Tchou Fouc, M, and Chinain, M (, 2007). The Situation of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in French Polynesia from 2000 to 2004. Copenhage, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00164-6","article-title":"Ciguatera in R\u00e9union Island (SW Indian Ocean): Epidemiology and clinical patterns","volume":"34","author":"Quod","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90209-A","article-title":"Purification and characterization of ciguatoxins from moray eel (Lycodontis javanicus, Muraenidae)","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90390-Q","article-title":"Multiple ciguatoxins in the flesh of fish","volume":"30","author":"Lewis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Reguera, B, Blanco, J, Fernandez, ML, and Wyatt, T (1998). Harmful Algae, Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ciguatera management","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"SPC Live Reef Fish Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Laurent, D, Joannot, P, Amade, P, Maesse, P, and Colmet-Daage, B (, January May). Knowledge on ciguatera in Noumea (New-Caledonia). Tahiti, French Polynesia."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumann, F, Bourrat, M-B, and Pauillac, S (2009). Prevalence, Symptoms and Chronicity of Ciguatera in New Caledonia: Results from an adult population survey conducted in Noumea during 2005. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.10.015"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Laboute, P, and Grandperrin, R (2000). Poissons de Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, IRD Edition Catherine Ledru."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1860020110","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"2","author":"Hokama","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.842","article-title":"Prevalence of Chronic Symptoms of Ciguatera Disease in French Polynesian Adults","volume":"77","author":"Chinain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(93)90130-B","article-title":"Study of factors that influence the clinical response to ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"31","author":"Glaziou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720180066035","article-title":"Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol","volume":"259","author":"Palafox","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"465","article-title":"Mannitol Therapy for acute and chronic ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"34","author":"Blythe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mere. Qld Museum, Brisbane"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"67","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of mannitol in the treatment of ciguatera in French Polynesia","volume":"52","author":"Bagnis","year":"1992","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine tropicale: revue du Corps de sant\u00e9 colonial"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103013440919","article-title":"Treatment of ciguatera poisoning with gabapentin","volume":"344","author":"Perez","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90320-8","article-title":"Potential benefit of tocainide in the treatment of ciguatera: report of three cases","volume":"84","author":"Lange","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(92)90017-L","article-title":"Traditional remedies used in the Western Pacific for the treatment of ciguatera poisoning","volume":"36","author":"Bourdy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Etlinopharniacol"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.07.002","article-title":"Ability of some plant extracts, traditionally used to treat ciguatera fish poisoning, to prevent the in vitro neurotoxicity produced by sodium channel activators","volume":"46","author":"Benoit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Kumar-Roin\u00e9, S (2009). La ciguat\u00e9ra: nouvelles perspectives th\u00e9rapeutiques, Universit\u00e9 de Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003448","article-title":"Brevenal Inhibits Pacific Ciguatoxin-1B-Induced Neurosecretion from Bovine","volume":"3","author":"Mattei","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen-Huu, TD, Mattei, C, Wen, PJ, Bourdelais, AJ, Lewis, RJ, Benoit, E, Baden, DG, Molg\u00f3, J, and Meunier, FA (2009). Ciguatoxin-induced catecholamine secretion in bovine chromaffin cells: Mechanism of action and reversible inhibition by brevenal. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.08.002"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2006.08.008","article-title":"Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"6","author":"Villareal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1995.00996.x","article-title":"Observation of sand-dwelling toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from widely differing sites, including two new species","volume":"31","author":"Faust","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phycol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.1998.340661.x","article-title":"Gambierdiscus yasumotoi sp. nov.(Dinophyceae), a toxic benthic dinoflagellate from Southeastern Asia","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phycol"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.1999.3561282.x","article-title":"Morphology and molecular analyses of three toxic species of Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae): G. pacificus, sp. nov., G. australes, sp. nov., and G. polynesiensis, sp. nov","volume":"35","author":"Chinain","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phycol"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinain, M, Darius, H, Ung, A, Cruchet, P, Wang, Z, Ponton, D, Laurent, D, and Pauillac, S (2009). Growth and toxin production in the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) in culture. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.013"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes, LL, Smith, KF, Munday, R, Selwood, AI, McNabb, PS, Holland, PT, and Bottein, M-Y (2009). Toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.05.017"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Tester, P, Faust, M, Vandersea, M, Kibler, S, Chinain, M, Holmes, M, Holland, C, and Litaker, R (, 2008). Gambierdiscus toxicus: taxonomic uncertainties concerning Gambierdiscus toxicus: proposed epitype. Copenhagen Denmark."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2007.12.020","article-title":"Phylogeography, morphological variation and taxonomy of the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae)","volume":"7","author":"Richlen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2216\/07-15.1","article-title":"Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)","volume":"48","author":"Litaker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90068-3","article-title":"Strain dependent production of ciguatoxin precursors (gambiertoxins) by Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae) in culture","volume":"29","author":"Holmes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050623","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp.(Dinophyceae), the causative agent of ciguatera in Tahiti, French Polynesia","volume":"135","author":"Chinain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Biol"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(98)00130-0","article-title":"Effects of epiphytic bacteria on the growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae)","volume":"233","author":"Sakami","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.05.006","article-title":"Nitrogen source effects on the growth and toxicity of two strains of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"8","author":"Lartigue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llewellyn, LE (2009). Revisiting the association between sea surface temperature and the epidemiology of fish poisoning in the South Pacific: Reassessing the link between ciguatera and climate change. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.08.011"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"619","article-title":"Bacterial interactions with harmful algal bloom species: bloom ecology, toxinogenesis, and cytology","volume":"G41","author":"Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.04.005","article-title":"Are cyanobacteria involved in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning-like outbreaks in New Caledonia?","volume":"7","author":"Laurent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9jean, A, Peyraud-Thomas, C, Kerbrat, AS, Golubic, S, Pauillac, S, Chinain, M, and Laurent, D (2009). First identification of the neurotoxin homoanatoxin-a from mats of Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum (marine cyanobacterium) possibly linked to giant clam poisoning in New Caledonia. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.10.029"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golubic, S, Abed, R, Pali ska, K, Pauillac, S, Chinain, M, and Laurent, D (2009). Marine toxic cyanobacteria: Diversity, environmental responses and hazards. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.023"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90116-O","article-title":"Toxicity of Australian and French polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae) grown in culture: characterization of a new type of maitotoxin","volume":"28","author":"Holmes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00054a061","article-title":"Gambierol: a new toxic polyether compound isolated from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"115","author":"Satake","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5448","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00046a029","article-title":"Gambieric acids, new potent antifungal substances with unprecedented polyether structures from a marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"57","author":"Nagai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.46.520","article-title":"Biological activities of novel polyether antifungals, gambieric acids A and B from a marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"46","author":"Nagai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Antibiot"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014650","article-title":"Contractile response of the rabbit aorta to maitotoxin, the most potent marine toxin","volume":"337","author":"Ohizumi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.42.359","article-title":"Toxicity of the surgeonfishes II. Properties of the principal water soluble toxin","volume":"42","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.01.004","article-title":"Gambierol, a toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, is a potent blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels","volume":"51","author":"Cuypers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.1010","article-title":"The chemistry and biological function of natural marine toxins","volume":"1","author":"Yasumoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Rec"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.09.011","article-title":"Pathological effects on mice by gambierol, possibly one of the ciguatera toxins","volume":"42","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Tosteson, TR (, 1992). Characterization of ciguatoxins from different fish species and wild Gambierdiscus toxicus. Puerto Rico."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00058a075","article-title":"Structure of maitotoxin","volume":"115","author":"Murata","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00191-2","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Caribbean ciguatoxins from the horse-eye jack (Caranx latus)","volume":"35","author":"Vernoux","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00146-0","article-title":"Multiple ciguatoxins present in Indian Ocean reef fish","volume":"40","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00259-8","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Indian Ocean ciguatoxin","volume":"40","author":"Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00088-0","article-title":"Characterization of multiple Caribbean ciguatoxins and congeners in individual specimens of horse-eye jack (Caranx latus) by high-performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"40","author":"Pottier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030210155378","article-title":"Analysis of toxin profiles in three different fish species causing ciguatera fish poisoning in Guadeloupe, French West Indies","volume":"19","author":"Pottier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)91978-6","article-title":"The structure of CTX3C, a ciguatoxin congener isolated from cultured Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"34","author":"Satake","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00167a040","article-title":"Structures and configurations of ciguatoxin from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus and its likely precursor from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"112","author":"Murata","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Reguera, B, Blanco, J, Fernandez, ML, and Wyatt, T Two structural types of ciguatoxin involved in ciguatera fish poisoning in French Polynesia."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1021\/ja980389e","article-title":"Structure of Caribbean ciguatoxin isolated from Caranx latus","volume":"120","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12991.x","article-title":"Ciguatoxin enhances quantal transmitter release from frog motor nerve terminals","volume":"99","author":"Comella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00506-4","article-title":"Nodal swelling produced by ciguatoxin-induced selective activation of sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers","volume":"71","author":"Benoit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19990315)55:6<666::AID-JNR2>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Neurotoxins targetting receptor site 5 of voltage-dependent sodium channels increase the nodal volume of myelinated axons","volume":"55","author":"Mattei","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90250-O","article-title":"Ciguatoxin, extracted from poisonous morays eels, causes sodium-dependent calcium mobilization in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells","volume":"158","author":"Shimahara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704980","article-title":"Pacific ciguatoxin-1b effect over Na+ and K+ currents, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate content and intracellular Ca2+ signals in cultured rat myotubes","volume":"137","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)39735-1","article-title":"Ciguatoxin is a novel type of Na+ channel toxin","volume":"259","author":"Bidard","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)80252-1","article-title":"Ciguatoxin and brevetoxins share a common receptor site on the neuronal voltage-dependent Na+ channel","volume":"219","author":"Lombet","year":"1987","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"541","article-title":"Immunological, biochemical and chemical features of ciguatoxins- implications for the detection of ciguateric fish","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mere. Qld Museum, Brisbane"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botana, LM (2000). Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection, Marcel Dekker.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203909539"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.03.001","article-title":"Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by Pacific ciguatoxin","volume":"19","author":"Matsui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide-Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00777-4","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome following a toxic exposure","volume":"270","author":"Racciatti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1325","article-title":"Common etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity via elevated nitric oxide\/peroxynitrite","volume":"57","author":"Pall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00785-4","article-title":"Nitric oxide release from human corpus cavernosum induced by a purified scorpion toxin","volume":"63","author":"Teixeira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2005.10.007","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the swelling of erythrocytes caused by Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxins","volume":"36","author":"Sauviat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood Cell. Mol. Dis"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"248","article-title":"D-mannitol, a specific hydroxyl free radical scavenger, reduces the developmental toxicity of hydroxyurea in rabbits","volume":"49","author":"Desesso","year":"1994","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part A: Clin. Mol. Teratol"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00041-8","article-title":"In vitro effects of mangiferin on superoxide concentrations and expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumour necrosis factor- and transforming growth factor-genes","volume":"65","author":"Leiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botana, LM (2008). Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, CRC Press-Taylor & Francis. [2nd ed].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420007541"},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Dickey, RW, Granade, HR, Jester, ELE, Abraham, A, El Said, KR, and Plakas, SM (, 2008). A tiered method for determination of Caribbean and Pacific ciguatoxins in fish and formulation of regulatory advisory levels. Noumea, New Caledonia."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Bagnis, R, Bennett, J, Prieur, C, and Legrand, A (1985). The Dynamics of Three Toxic Benthic Dinoflagellates and the Toxicity of Ciguateric Surgeonfish in French Polynesia, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roeder, K, Erler, K, Kibler, S, and Tester, P (2009). Characteristic profiles of Ciguatera toxins in different strains of Gambierdiscus spp. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.039"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(92)90076-M","article-title":"Effect of temperature, salinity and light intensity on the growth and seasonality of toxic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera","volume":"157","author":"Morton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.03.013","article-title":"Rapid extraction combined with LC-tandem mass spectrometry (CREM-LC\/MS\/MS) for the determination of ciguatoxins in ciguateric fish flesh","volume":"54","author":"Lewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, I, Eaglesham, G, Poole, S, Graham, G, Paulo, C, Wickramasinghe, W, Sadler, R, and Shaw, G (2009). Establishing a public health analytical service based upon chemical methods for detecting and quantifying Pacific ciguatoxin in fish samples. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.028"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.155.3767.1267","article-title":"Ciguatoxin: isolation and chemical structure","volume":"155","author":"Scheuer","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.35.327","article-title":"Occurrence of ciguatoxin and ciguaterin in ciguatoxic fishes in the Ryukyu and Amami Islands","volume":"35","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.06.023","article-title":"Study of an outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"135","article-title":"Detection of Ciguatoxins and related Benthic Dinoflagellate Toxins: in vivo and in vitro Methods","volume":"33","author":"Hallegraeff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Hallegraeff, GM, Anderson, DM, and Cembella, AD (2003). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030802342505","article-title":"Solid-phase extraction clean-up of ciguatoxin-contaminated coral fish extracts for use in the mouse bioassay","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam"},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Darius, T (2010). Institut Louis Malard\u00e9. personal communication."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Smayda, TJ, and Shimizu, Y (1993). Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60.2103","article-title":"Short Communication: Isolation and structure of ciguatoxin-4A, a new ciguatoxin precursor, from cultures of dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus and parrotfish Scarus gibbus","volume":"60","author":"Satake","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00003882","article-title":"Isolation and some properties of ciguatoxin","volume":"1","author":"Legrand","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.08.013","article-title":"Cell-based assay coupled with chromatographic fractioning: A strategy for marine toxins detection in natural samples","volume":"23","author":"Caillaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. in Vitro"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.03.012","article-title":"Detection and quantification of maitotoxin-like compounds using a Neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cell based assay. Application to the screening of maitotoxin-like compounds in Gambierdiscus spp","volume":"56","author":"Caillaud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Banner, A, Helfrich, P, Scheuer, P, and Yoshida, T (1963). Proceedings of the 16th ann. Session Gulf, Caribbean Fisheries Institute."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065757","article-title":"Total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C","volume":"294","author":"Hirama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401684101","article-title":"First-and second-generation total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C","volume":"101","author":"Inoue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1021\/ol027105m","article-title":"Practical total synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C by improved protective group strategy","volume":"4","author":"Inoue","year":"2002","journal-title":"Org. Lett"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-955591","article-title":"Synthesis of Ciguatoxin (CTX1B)","volume":"12","author":"Inoue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synfacts"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9352","DOI":"10.1021\/ja063041p","article-title":"Synthesis of Ciguatoxin (CTX1B)","volume":"128","author":"Inoue","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200805996","article-title":"Total Synthesis of Ciguatoxin","volume":"48","author":"Akinari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(03)00467-0","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of gambierol analogues","volume":"13","author":"Fuwa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00169-X","article-title":"Ciguatoxins and brevetoxins, neurotoxic polyether compounds active on sodium channels","volume":"37","author":"Dechraoui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.09.004","article-title":"Identification of slow and fast-acting toxins in a highly ciguatoxic barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) by HPLC\/MS and radiolabeled ligand binding","volume":"42","author":"Pottier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.04.006","article-title":"Use of two detection methods to discriminate ciguatoxins from brevetoxins: Application to great barracuda from Florida Keys","volume":"46","author":"Dechraoui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2009.00313.x","article-title":"Evaluating the Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning from Reef Fish Grown at Marine Aquaculture Facilities in Hawai\u2019i","volume":"41","author":"Campora","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20250","article-title":"Detection of ciguatoxin in fish tissue using sandwich ELISA and neuroblastoma cell bioassay","volume":"22","author":"Campora","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2989\/AJMS.2008.30.3.8.642","article-title":"Ciguatera: the detection of neurotoxins in carnivorous reef fish from the coast of Cameroon, West Africa","volume":"30","author":"Bienfang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Jones, AO, and Endean, R (1976). Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1960.tb26421.x","article-title":"Observations on ciguatera-type toxin in fish","volume":"90","author":"Banner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Bagnis, R, Chanteau, S, Chungue, E, Drollet, J, Lechat, I, Legrand, A, Pompon, A, Prieur, C, Roux, J, and Tetaria, C (, 1985). Comparison of the cat bioassay. The mouse bioassay and the mosquito bioassay to detect ciguatoxicity in fish. Tahiti, French Polynesia."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Kosaki, T, Stephens, B, and Anderson, H (1968). Marine toxins from the pacific: III. Comparative bio-assay of ciguatoxin(s) in the mouse and chicken. Proceeding of the West Pharmacol Soc, 126\u2013128."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600650943","article-title":"Ciguatera I: brine shrimp (Artemia salina L) larval assay for ciguatera toxins","volume":"65","author":"Granade","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)00045-1","article-title":"Toxicological biotest on Diptera larvae to detect ciguatoxins and various other toxic substances","volume":"34","author":"Labrousse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2656-7_1","article-title":"Evolution of methods for assessing ciguatera toxins in fish","volume":"136","author":"Park","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botana, L (2008). Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, CRC Pres-Taylor & Francis. [2nd ed].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420007541"},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"(1986). Off. J. Eur. Union, L358, 1\u201328."},{"key":"ref_161","unstructured":"Yasumoto, T, Raj, U, and Bagnis, R (1984). Seafood Poisonings in Tropical Regions, Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture: Tohoku University."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(93)90407-A","article-title":"Recovery of ciguatoxin from fish flesh","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"481","article-title":"Evaluation of a solid-phase immunobed assay for detection of ciguatera-related biotoxins in caribbean finfish","volume":"34","author":"Dickey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Memoir. Queensl. Mus"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(83)90092-2","article-title":"The mouse ciguatoxin bioassay: a dose-response curve and symptomatology analysis","volume":"21","author":"Hoffman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"177","article-title":"Effects of ciguatoxin and maitotoxin on the isolated guinea pig atria","volume":"25","author":"Miyahara","year":"1979","journal-title":"Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(82)90078-2","article-title":"Comparison of three different assays for the assessment of ciguatoxin in fish tissues: radioimmunoassay, mouse bioassay and in vitro guinea pig atrium assay","volume":"20","author":"Kimura","year":"1982","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00118-1","article-title":"Methods of in vitro toxicology","volume":"40","author":"Eisenbrand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.10.012","article-title":"Functional assays in marine biotoxin detection","volume":"207","author":"Rossini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)00073-6","article-title":"Suitability of the MTT-based cytotoxicity assay to detect okadaic acid contamination of mussels","volume":"34","author":"Tubaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.521","article-title":"Detection of sodium channel toxins: directed cytotoxicity assays of purified ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, saxitoxins, and seafood extracts","volume":"78","author":"Manger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1476","article-title":"Tetrazolium-based cell bioassay for neurotoxins active on voltage-sensitive sodium channels: semiautomated assay for saxitoxins, brevetoxins, and ciguatoxins","volume":"214","author":"Manger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.005","article-title":"Suitability of the Neuro-2a cell line for the detection of palytoxin and analogues (neurotoxic phycotoxins)","volume":"53","author":"Ledreux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.06.028","article-title":"Comparative study of the use of neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) and neuroblastoma \u00d7 glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) for the toxic effect quantification of marine toxins","volume":"52","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(88)90171-7","article-title":"A tissue culture assay for tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and related toxins","volume":"26","author":"Kogure","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.20.040180.000311","article-title":"Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes","volume":"20","author":"Catterall","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.12.3759","article-title":"Sodium Uptake Associated with Activation of Action Potential Ionophores of Cultured Neuroblastoma and Muscle Cells","volume":"70","author":"Catterall","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.55.070186.004513","article-title":"Molecular properties of voltage-sensitive sodium channels","volume":"55","author":"Catterall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90430-D","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish poison (saxitoxin family) bioassays: automated endpoint determination and standardization of the in vitro tissue culture bioassay, and comparison with the standard mouse bioassay","volume":"30","author":"Jellett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1097(92)90549-4","article-title":"A tissue culture assay for direct detection of sodium channel blocking toxins in bacterial culture supernates","volume":"92","author":"Gallacher","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00242-0","article-title":"A rapid hemolysis assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific marine toxins","volume":"154","author":"Shimojo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(94)00194-Y","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, gonyautoxin II, gonyautoxin II plus III and decarbamoylsaxitoxin with the mouse neuroblastoma cell bioassay","volume":"9","author":"Jellett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. in Vitro"},{"key":"ref_183","unstructured":"Anderson, DM, White, AW, and Baden, DG (1985). Toxic Dinoflagellates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7189(199907\/08)7:4<157::AID-NT52>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Monitoring brevetoxins during a Gymnodinium breve red tide: comparison of sodium channel specific cytotoxicity assay and mouse bioassay for determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins in shellfish extracts","volume":"7","author":"Dickey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"120","article-title":"Validation of the Maritime in Vitro Shellfish Test (MIST\u2122) kits for marine biotoxins","volume":"2261","author":"Jellett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic sciences\/Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.08.020","article-title":"Block of voltage-gated potassium channels by Pacific ciguatoxin-1 contributes to increased neuronal excitability in rat sensory neurons","volume":"204","author":"Gunning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjl008","article-title":"Effect of ciguatoxin 3C on voltage-gated Na+ and K+ currents in mouse taste cells","volume":"31","author":"Ghiaroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(03)00088-6","article-title":"Type B brevetoxins show tissue selectivity for voltage-gated sodium channels: comparison of brain, skeletal muscle and cardiac sodium channels","volume":"41","author":"Ramsdell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00172-5","article-title":"Modification of the cell based assay for brevetoxins using human cardiac voltage dependent sodium channels expressed in HEK-293 cells","volume":"16","author":"Fairey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.08.017","article-title":"Improvements in the use of neuroblastomaxglioma hybrid cells (NG108\u201315) for the toxic effect quantification of marine toxins","volume":"55","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.07.032","article-title":"Species selective resistance of cardiac muscle voltage gated sodium channels: characterization of brevetoxin and ciguatoxin binding sites in rats and fish","volume":"48","author":"Wacksman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Caillaud, A, Ca\u00f1ete, E, Fraga, S, Mallat, E, and Diog\u00e8ne, J (, 2008). Toxicidad de la dinoflagelaqda Gambierdiscus sp. aislada de las Islas Canarias. Cartagena, Spain."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Yasumoto, T (, 2008). Search for ciguatoxin producing clones of Gambierdiscus toxicus on Okinawan coastal reefs. Noumea, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"Bottein, M-Y, Wang, Z, and Ramsdell, JS (, 2008). Toxicokinetics of Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) in rats. Noumea, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Caillaud, A (2010). IRTA. unpublished data."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00492-1","article-title":"Currently available in vitro methods used in the regulatory toxicology","volume":"127","author":"Liebsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(97)10808-5","article-title":"Isolation and structures of new ciguatoxin analogs, 2, 3-dihydroxyCTX3C and 51-hydroxyCTX3C, accumulated in tropical reef fish","volume":"39","author":"Satake","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(77)90014-9","article-title":"A radioimmunoassay for the detection of ciguatoxin","volume":"15","author":"Hokama","year":"1977","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natori, S, Hashimoto, K, and Ueno, Y (1988). Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins \u201888, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.2520\/myco1975.1988.28_5"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Gabrie, C, and Salvat, B Monoclonal antibodies in the detection of ciguatoxin and other toxic polyethers in fish tissues by a rapid poke stick test. Tahiti, French Polynesia."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1982.tb02871.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of ciguatoxin (CTX) in fish tissues","volume":"21","author":"Kimura","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(83)90070-3","article-title":"A rapid enzyme-immunoassay for the detection of ciguatoxin in contaminated fish tissues","volume":"21","author":"Hokama","year":"1983","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1860040509","article-title":"Evaluation of the stick enzyme immunoassay in Caranx sp. and Seriola dumerili associated with ciguatera","volume":"4","author":"Hokama","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1860060111","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of highly purified okadaic acid (OA), synthetic, spiroketal east sphere of OA and ciguatoxin","volume":"6","author":"Hokama","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1860070108","article-title":"Characterization of marine toxin (s) in Myripristis sp. by immunological, mouse toxicity, and guinea pig assays","volume":"7","author":"Ganal","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1860070106","article-title":"Evaluation of the Hawaiian reef fishes with the solid phase immunobead assay","volume":"7","author":"Hokama","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.02.017","article-title":"Use of monoclonal antibodies as an effective strategy for treatment of ciguatera poisoning","volume":"53","author":"Inoue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(01)00358-4","article-title":"Concise synthesis of ciguatoxin ABC-ring fragments and surface plasmon resonance study of the interaction of their BSA conjugates with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Nagumo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2004.04.003","article-title":"Phage-display selection of antibodies to the left end of CTX3C using synthetic fragments","volume":"289","author":"Nagumo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7608","DOI":"10.1021\/ja034990a","article-title":"Synthesis-based approach toward direct sandwich immunoassay for ciguatoxin CTX3C","volume":"125","author":"Oguri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12259","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M710553200","article-title":"Critical contribution of aromatic rings to specific recognition of polyether rings: The case of ciguatoxin CTX3C-ABC and its specific antibody 1C49","volume":"283","author":"Tsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsumuraya, T, Fujii, I, and Hirama, M (2010). Production of monoclonal antibodies for sandwich immunoassay detection of Pacific ciguatoxins. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.003"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.05.014","article-title":"Production of monoclonal antibodies for sandwich immunoassay detection of ciguatoxin 51-hydroxyCTX3C","volume":"48","author":"Tsumuraya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19440","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801282200","article-title":"How protein recognizes ladder-like polycyclic ethers - Interactions between ciguatoxin (CTX3C) fragments and its specific antibody 10C9","volume":"283","author":"Ui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_215","unstructured":"Harlow, E, and Lane, D (1988). Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8929","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00206a032","article-title":"Structures of ciguatoxin and its congener","volume":"111","author":"Murata","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(88)90141-9","article-title":"Brevetoxin binding: molecular pharmacology versus immunoassay","volume":"26","author":"Baden","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(84)90161-2","article-title":"Specific antibodies directed against toxins of Ptychodiscus brevis (Florida\u2019s red tide dinoflagellate)","volume":"22","author":"Baden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90367-0","article-title":"Brevetoxin PbTx-2 immunology: differential epitope recognition by antibodies from two goats","volume":"32","author":"Melinek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00226-9","article-title":"Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to PbTx-2-type brevetoxins using minute amount of hapten protein conjugates obtained in a reversed micellar medium","volume":"39","author":"Naar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.538","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for PbTx-2-type brevetoxins: epitope specificity of two anti-PbTx sera","volume":"78","author":"Poli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(93)90309-U","article-title":"Production of highly specific monoclonal antibodies to monensin and development of a microELISA to detect this antibiotic","volume":"164","author":"Pauillac","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1021\/bc990042g","article-title":"An Improved Method for the Microscale Preparation and Characterization of Hapten- Protein Conjugates: The Use of Cholesterol as a Model for Nonchromophore Hydroxylated Haptens","volume":"10","author":"Naar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(66)90275-2","article-title":"Determination of free amino groups in proteins by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid","volume":"14","author":"Habeeb","year":"1966","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(02)00039-X","article-title":"Application of a modified version of Habeeb\u2019s trinitrophenylation method for the characterization of hapten protein conjugates in a reversed micellar medium","volume":"263","author":"Pauillac","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(85)90044-4","article-title":"Measurements of the true affinity constant in solution of antigen-antibody complexes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"77","author":"Friguet","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9944204","article-title":"Structural elucidation of ciguatoxin congeners by fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectroscopy","volume":"122","author":"Yasumoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00083a008","article-title":"Synthetic studies toward ciguatoxin. Stereocontrolled construction of the KLM ring fragment","volume":"59","author":"Sasaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00183-X","article-title":"Characterization of mice antisera elicited with a ciguatoxin tetracyclic synthetic ring fragment (JKLM) conjugated to carrier proteins","volume":"38","author":"Pauillac","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20113","article-title":"Comparative analysis of purified Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxin congeners and related marine toxins using a modified elisa technique","volume":"20","author":"Campora","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20256","article-title":"Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of ciguatoxin in fish tissue using chicken immunoglobulin Y","volume":"22","author":"Campora","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13490-1","article-title":"Toxin T46 from Ptychodiscus brevis (formely Gymnodinium breve) enhances activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels by veratridine","volume":"19","author":"Catterall","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012975","article-title":"Characteristics of saxitoxin binding to the sodium channel of sarcolemma isolated from rat skeletal muscle","volume":"295","author":"Barchi","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/md403157","article-title":"Marine toxins that target voltage-gated sodium channels","volume":"4","author":"McArthur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/md403037","article-title":"Marine toxins targeting ion channels","volume":"4","author":"Arias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00118-5","article-title":"Microtitre plate assay for paralytic shellfish toxins using saxiphilin: gauging the effects of shellfish extract matrices, salts and pH upon assay performance","volume":"39","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1237","article-title":"Solid-phase radioreceptor assay for paralytic shellfish toxins","volume":"211","author":"Vieytes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00189-4","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of a microtiter plate-based receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins","volume":"35","author":"Doucette","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1998.2707","article-title":"A high-throughput, microtiter plate assay for paralytic shellfish poisons using the saxitoxin-specific receptor, saxiphilin","volume":"261","author":"Llewellyn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1021\/es001575z","article-title":"Radioreceptor assays for sensitive detection and quantitation of saxitoxin and its analogues from strains of the freshwater cyanobacterium, Anabaena circinalis","volume":"35","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/86.4.737","article-title":"Receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: optimization and interlaboratory comparison","volume":"86","author":"Ruberu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.026","article-title":"Analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin congeners by a sodium channel receptor binding assay","volume":"44","author":"Usup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/md6020349","article-title":"Neurotoxins from marine dinoflagellates: A brief review","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10432-X","article-title":"Allosteric modulation of neurotoxin binding to voltage-sensitive sodium channels by Ptychodiscus brevis toxin 2","volume":"31","author":"Sharkey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_245","unstructured":"Anderson, DM, White, AW, and Baden, DG (1985). Toxic Dinoflagellates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10324-6","article-title":"Brevetoxins, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, bind to specific sites in rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"30","author":"Poli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/md403082","article-title":"Ciguatoxins: Cyclic polyether modulators of voltage-gated ion channel function","volume":"4","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00166-3","article-title":"Identification of Caribbean ciguatoxins as the cause of an outbreak of fish poisoning among US soldiers in Haiti","volume":"35","author":"Poli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00191-9","article-title":"Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida","volume":"38","author":"Poli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/19970505NT4","article-title":"Complex behavior of marine animal tissue extracts in the competitive binding assay of brevetoxins with rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"5","author":"Whitney","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.570","article-title":"Detection of marine toxins using reconstituted sodium channels","volume":"78","author":"Trainer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6166","article-title":"Measurement of brevetoxin levels by radioimmunoassay of blood collection cards after acute, long-term, and low-dose exposure in mice","volume":"111","author":"Woofter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020407","article-title":"Development of rapid and sensitive high throughput pharmacologic assays for marine phycotoxins","volume":"2","author":"Finley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)91086-6","article-title":"A rapid method for preparing synaptosomes: comparison, with alternative procedures","volume":"226","author":"Dodd","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_255","first-page":"99","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean islands and Western Atlantic","volume":"168","author":"Pottier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(88)90320-0","article-title":"Seasonal frequency of ciguatoxic barracuda in southwest Puerto Rico","volume":"26","author":"Tosteson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_257","unstructured":"Darius, T (2010). Institut Louis Malard\u00e9. unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_258","first-page":"23","article-title":"Resolution of Ciguatera-Associated Toxins Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)","volume":"48","author":"Higerd","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mar. Fish. Rev"},{"key":"ref_259","unstructured":"Graneli, E, Sundstrom, B, Edler, L, and Anderson, DM (1990). Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_260","unstructured":"Legrand, A, Teai, T, Crochet, P, Satake, M, Murata, K, and Yasumoto, T (, 1997). Two structural types of ciguatoxins involved on ciguatera fish poisoning in French Polynesia. Vigo, Spain."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(83)80111-1","article-title":"New sensitive derivatization of hydroxysteroids for high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection","volume":"147","author":"Goto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_262","unstructured":"Legrand, AM, Fukui, M, Cruchet, P, Ishibashi, Y, and Yasumoto, T (, 1990). Characterization of ciguatoxins from different fish species and wild G. toxicus. Puerto Rico."},{"key":"ref_263","unstructured":"Lassus, P, Erad, E, Gentien, P, and Marcaillou, C (1995). Harmful Algal Blooms, Lavoisier."},{"key":"ref_264","unstructured":"Lee, JS, Murata, M, and Yasumoto, T (1989). Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins \u201888, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_265","unstructured":"Smayda, TJ, and Shimizu, Y (1993). Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea, Elsevier Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_266","first-page":"514","article-title":"Liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric methods for the determination of marine polyether toxins","volume":"85","author":"Dickey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie exotique"},{"key":"ref_267","first-page":"29","article-title":"An HPLC-Fluorescence Method for Identifying a Toxic Fraction Extracted from the Marine Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus","volume":"48","author":"Sick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mar. Fish. Rev"},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"1707","article-title":"Liquid chromatographic-fluorometric analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins","volume":"48","author":"Oshima","year":"1984","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02267925","article-title":"Separation of paralytic shellfish toxins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, with postcolumn reaction and fluorimetric detection","volume":"35","author":"Franco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020203","article-title":"Ionspray mass spectrometry of ciguatoxin-1, maitotoxin-2 and-3, and related marine polyether toxins","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00132-8","article-title":"Characterization of ciguatoxins and ciguatoxin congeners present in ciguateric fish by gradient reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980598h","article-title":"HPLC\/tandem electrospray mass spectrometry for the determination of Sub-ppb levels of Pacific and Caribbean ciguatoxins in crude extracts of fish","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton, B, Whittle, N, Shaw, G, Eaglesham, G, Moore, M, and Lewis, R (2009). Human fatality associated with Pacific ciguatoxin contaminated fish. Toxicon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.007"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(93)90118-3","article-title":"Ciguatoxin-2 is a diastereomer of ciguatoxin-3","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/md403082","article-title":"Ciguatoxins: Cyclic polyether modulators of voltage-gated Iion channel function","volume":"4","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_276","first-page":"419","article-title":"Ciguatoxins: Cyclic Polyether Modulators of Voltage-gated Iion Channel Function","volume":"103","author":"Botana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection. Food Science and Technology Series"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(73)90127-0","article-title":"Toxicity of Siganus luridus (R\u00fcppell) on the Mediterranean coast of Israel","volume":"2","author":"Herzberg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_278","first-page":"28","article-title":"Rabbitfish (\u201cAras\u201d): An unusual source of ciguatera poisoning","volume":"4","author":"Bentur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03342.x","article-title":"Toxicity of the saupe, Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758), on the Mediterranean coast of Israel","volume":"34","author":"Spanier","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol"},{"key":"ref_280","first-page":"754","article-title":"Evaluation of Ciguatoxin on the Eastern Mediterranean Coast","volume":"42","author":"Bentur","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701502865","article-title":"Ciguatoxin-like substances in edible fish on the eastern Mediterranean","volume":"45","author":"Bentur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650500514590","article-title":"Hallucinatory fish poisoning (ichthyoallyeinotoxism): two case reports from the western Mediterranean and literature review","volume":"44","author":"Pommier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_283","unstructured":"Silva, ES (1956). Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude du micro-plancton, de Dakar et des r\u00e9gions maritimes voisines. Bulletin de l\u2019 Institut Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Afrique Noire. Ser A, 335\u2013371."},{"key":"ref_284","unstructured":"Caillaud, A, Fraga, S, Aligizaki, K, Mohammad-Noor, N, Nikolaidis, G, Moestrup, O, and Diog\u00e8ne, J (, 2009). Desarrollo de un ensayo celular para la detecci\u00f3n de maitotoxinas en Gambierdiscus spp. Estudio comparativo entre cepas de distinctas procedencias. Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_285","unstructured":"Fraga, S (2010). Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda. unpublished data."},{"key":"ref_286","unstructured":"Fraga, S (2007, January 23\u201327). Global Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Oviedo, Spain."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-006-0469-5","article-title":"Biodiversity issues for the forthcoming tropical Mediterranean Sea","volume":"580","author":"Bianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_288","first-page":"29","article-title":"The oceanographic and meteorological station at L\u2019Estartit (NW Mediterranean). Tracking long-term hydrological change in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"16","author":"Salat","year":"2002","journal-title":"CIESM Workshop Ser"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.02.028","article-title":"The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata: Quantification of proliferation along the coastline of Genoa, Italy","volume":"56","author":"Mangialajo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2006.02.005","article-title":"The presence of the potentially toxic genera Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) in the North Aegean sea, Greece","volume":"5","author":"Aligizaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3354\/ame026051","article-title":"Potentially toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate assemblages on macroalgae in the NW Mediterranean","volume":"26","author":"Vila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_292","first-page":"29","article-title":"Distribution of toxic dinoflagellates along the leaves of seagrass Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa from the Gulf of Tunis","volume":"46","author":"Turki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cahiers De Biologie Marine"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2005.04011.x","article-title":"Characterization of Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) isolates in the western Mediterranean Sea based upon morphology, toxicity and internal transcribed spacer 5.8s rDNA sequences","volume":"41","author":"Penna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phycol"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penna, A, Fraga, S, Battocchi, C, Casabianca, S, Giacobbe, MG, Riob\u00f3, P, and Vernesi, C (2010). A phylogeographical study of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis Schmidt. J. Biogeogr, 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2009.02265.x"},{"key":"ref_295","first-page":"204","article-title":"Epiphytic Dinoflagellates of Drift AlgaeAnother Toxigenic Community in the Ciguatera Food Chain","volume":"43","author":"Bomber","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-0992.1999.09903.x","article-title":"Ciguatera (Fish Poisoning), El Nino, and Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures","volume":"5","author":"Hales","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-7-S2-S4","article-title":"Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2009.05.003","article-title":"Blooms of benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis; an increasing and ecologically important phenomenon on temperate reefs in New Zealand and worldwide","volume":"8","author":"Shears","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.03.004","article-title":"Involvement of carrier-mediated transport system in uptake of tetrodotoxin into liver tissue slices of puffer fish Takifugu rubripes","volume":"50","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1021\/es010231l","article-title":"Food web magnificaton of persistent organic pollutants in poikilotherms and homeotherms","volume":"36","author":"Hop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111322","article-title":"Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes","volume":"308","author":"Perry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315402005325","article-title":"Immigration of southern fish species to southwest England linked to warming of the North Atlantic (1960\u20132001)","volume":"82","author":"Stebbing","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_303","unstructured":"(2008). Off. J. Eur. Union, L277, 15\u201317."},{"key":"ref_304","unstructured":"(2005). Off. J. Eur. Union, L338, 27\u201359."},{"key":"ref_305","unstructured":"(2006). Off. J. Eur. Union, L320, 13\u201345."},{"key":"ref_306","unstructured":"(2007). Off. J. Eur. Union, L281, 12\u201318."},{"key":"ref_307","unstructured":"(2004). Off. J. Eur. Union, L226, 83\u2013127."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botana, LM (2000). Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology and Detection, Marcel Dekker.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203909539"},{"key":"ref_309","first-page":"129","article-title":"Phytoplankton, phycotoxins and seafood poisoning","volume":"170","author":"Ledoux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire"},{"key":"ref_310","unstructured":"Bagnis, R (, 1992). Socioeconomic impact of ciguatera in French Polynesia. Papeete, French Polynesia."},{"key":"ref_311","unstructured":"(2004). Marine Biotoxins Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO."},{"key":"ref_312","unstructured":"Brusl\u00e9, J (1997). Ciguatera Fish Poisoning-A Review. Sanitary and Economic Aspects, Les \u00e9ditions INSERM."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.03.039","article-title":"Ability of certain plant extracts traditionally used to treat ciguatera fish poisoning to inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"123","author":"Matsui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/8\/6\/1838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:42Z","timestamp":1760220162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/8\/6\/1838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"references-count":313,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["md8061838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md8061838","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]}}}