{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:47:06Z","timestamp":1792237626237,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]],"date-time":"2011-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as b\u00eache-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids. This review is mainly designed to cover the high-value components and bioactives as well as the multiple biological and therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with regard to exploring their potential uses for functional foods and nutraceuticals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/md9101761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]],"date-time":"2011-10-10T15:07:35Z","timestamp":1318259255000},"page":"1761-1805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":682,"title":["High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Bordbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farooq","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazamid","family":"Saari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb, GP (2006). Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods, Blackwell Publishing. [1st ed].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470995754"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2008.08.004","article-title":"Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Whole versus processed foods","volume":"20","author":"Shahidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hu, S-Y (2005). Food Plants of China, Chinese University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venugopal, V (2009). Marine Products for Healthcare: Functional and Bioactive Nutraceutical Compounds from the Ocean, CRC Press Taylor &Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420052640"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"21","article-title":"Recent developments of marine ingredients for food and nutraceutical applications: A review","volume":"2","author":"Guerard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Hal. Aquat"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.982","article-title":"Biologically active compounds from marine organisms","volume":"15","author":"Blunden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.45.153","article-title":"Efficacy of \u201cGamadent\u201d toothpaste on the healing of gingival tissues: A preliminary report","volume":"45","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Conand, C (1990). The Fishery Resources of Pacific Island Countries Part 2: Holothurians, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2722."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2010.02512.x","article-title":"Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of three different fresh and dried commercial sea cucumbers from Turkey","volume":"46","author":"Mehmet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Barker, M (2001). Echinoderm 2000, Swets & Zeitlinger."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of recent developments in the world sea cucumber fisheries","volume":"55","author":"Conand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mar. Fish. Rev"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"24","article-title":"Conservation strategies for sea cucumbers: Can a CITES Appendix II listing promote sustainable international trade?","volume":"18","author":"Bruckner","year":"2003","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2009.01294.x","article-title":"Bioactivity as an options value of sea cucumbers in the Egyptian Red Sea","volume":"24","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"6","article-title":"Field observations of juvenile sea cucumbers","volume":"20","author":"Shiell","year":"2004","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Conand, C (2004, January 1\u20133). Sea Cucumber Biology, Taxonomy, Distribution: Conversation Status. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lovatelli, A, Conand, C, Purcell, S, Uthicke, S, Hamel, J-F, and Mercier, A (2004). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 463, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"37","article-title":"Sea cucumber: Ginseng of sea","volume":"82","author":"Huizeng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zhongguo Mar. Med"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yaacob, HB, Kim, KH, Shahimi, M, Aziz, NS, and Sahil, SM (1997, January 6\u20137). Malaysian sea cucumber (Gamat): A prospect in health food and therapeutic. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jilin, L, and Peck, G (1995). Chinese Dietary Therapy, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"571","article-title":"Chinese medicinal materials from the sea","volume":"1","author":"Weici","year":"1987","journal-title":"Abstr. Chin. Med"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Anderson, EN (1988). The Food of China, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"18","article-title":"Overview of sea cucumber farming and sea ranching practices in China","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4108","article-title":"Chemical composition and nutritional quality of sea cucumbers","volume":"90","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.4.8.1917","article-title":"PE, a new sulfated saponin from sea cucumber, exhibits anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activities in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Tian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200411000-00048","article-title":"Frondanol(R)-A5p from the sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"29","author":"Roginsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.6.1527.bloodjournal8561527","article-title":"Depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan with novel anticoagulant actions: Antithrombin III-and heparin cofactor II-independent inhibition of factor X activation by factor IXa-factor VIIIa complex and heparin cofactor II-dependent inhibition of thrombin","volume":"85","author":"Nagase","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.08.040","article-title":"Comparison of structures and anticoagulant activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from different sea cucumbers","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hamaguchi, P, Geirsdottir, M, Vrac, A, Kristinsson, HG, Sveinsdottir, H, Fridjonsson, OH, and Hreggvidsson, GO (2010, January 17\u201320). In vitro antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of Icelandic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). Chicago, IL, USA. presentation no. 282\u201304."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Collin, PD (1998). Tissue fraction of sea cucumber for the treatment of inflammation. (5,770,205), United State Patent."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Collin, PD (1999). Process for obtaining medically active fractions from sea cucumber. (5,876,762), United State Patent."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Collin, PD (2004). Peptides having anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. (6,767,890), United State Patent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1291-2_5","article-title":"The detection and isolation of a novel antimicrobial peptide from the echinoderm, Cucumaria frondosa","volume":"484","author":"Beauregard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927607071553","article-title":"Effect of methanol extracts from sea cucumbers Holothuria edulis and Stichopus chloronotus on Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Hing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"376","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of three Malaysian sea cucumber species","volume":"37","author":"Althunibat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sci. Res"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00769.x","article-title":"Antithrombotic activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulphate from echinoderm: Sulphated fucose branches on the polysaccharide account for its antithrombotic action","volume":"101","author":"Mourao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-200009000-00009","article-title":"Different antithrombotic mechanisms among glycosaminoglycans revealed with a new fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from an echinoderm","volume":"11","author":"Pacheco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1021\/np030064y","article-title":"Intercedensides A\u2013C, three new cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Mensamaria intercedens Lampert","volume":"66","author":"Zou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20804","article-title":"Philinopside A, a novel marine-derived compound possessing dual anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects","volume":"114","author":"Tong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Common cellular events occur during wound healing and organ regeneration in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Dev. Biol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1021\/np50116a002","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro biosynthesis of saponins in sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea)","volume":"58","author":"Kerr","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyamoto, T, Togawa, K, Higuchi, R, Komori, T, and Sasaki, T (1990). Constituents of Holothuroidea, II. Six newly identified biologically active triterpenoid glycoside sulfates from the sea cucumber Cucumaria echinata. Eur. J. Org. Chem, 453\u2013460. 1990.","DOI":"10.1002\/jlac.199019900186"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.03.003","article-title":"Antitumor activity of the immunomodulatory lead Cumaside","volume":"10","author":"Aminin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92730-4","article-title":"Structure of a fucose-branched chondroitin sulphate from sea cucumber. Evidence for the presence of 3-O-sulfo-\u03b2-D-glucuronosyl residues","volume":"266","author":"Vieira","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(00)00032-3","article-title":"Searching for alternatives to heparin: Sulfated fucans from marine invertebrates","volume":"9","author":"Mourao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)98678-7","article-title":"Isolation of \u03949(11)-sterols from the sea cucumber. Implications for holothurin biosynthesis","volume":"26","author":"Goad","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.016","article-title":"Quantification of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of Atlantic sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa","volume":"104","author":"Mamelona","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"85","article-title":"Multilayered peptide incorporated collagen tubules for peripheral nerve repair","volume":"25","author":"Rafiuddin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60318","article-title":"Isolation of sphingoid bases of sea cucumber cerberosides and their cytotoxicity against human colon cancer cells","volume":"70","author":"Sugawara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"77","article-title":"Lectin from the body walls of black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra J\u00e4ger)","volume":"133","author":"Mojica","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philipp. J. Sci"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2005.472.477","article-title":"Biological properties of lectin from sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra J\u00e4ger)","volume":"5","author":"Mojica","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3923\/ijzr.2005.59.65","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterization of a lectin from the internal organs of the sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra J\u00e4ger)","volume":"1","author":"Mojica","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Zool. Res"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Arnold, PW, and Britles, RA (1989). Soft Sediment Marine Invertebrates of Southeast Asia and Australia: A Guide to Identification, Australian Institute of Marine Science."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ridzwan, BH (2007). Sea Cucumbers, A Malaysian Heritage, Research Centre of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). [1st ed]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"15","article-title":"Overview: Aspects of sea cucucmber industry research and development in the south Pacific","volume":"1","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, AJ, and Williams, WS (1972). Text Book of Zoology Invertebrates, American Elservier. [7th ed].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-02495-7"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Higgins, M (2000). Sea cucumbers in a deep pickle. Environmental News Network."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Zulfigar, Y, Kwang, SY, Shau-Hwai, AT, and Shirayama, Y (2008). Field Guide to the Echinoderms (Sea Cucumbers and Sea Stars) of Malaysia, Kyoto University Press. [1st ed]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Clark, AM, and Rowe, FW (1971). Monograph of Shallow Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms, Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). Publication No. 690."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1139\/f95-186","article-title":"Early development, settlement, growth, and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)","volume":"53","author":"Hamel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-009-0076-2","article-title":"Seasonal distribution pattern of adult sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Stichopodidae) in Yoshimi Bay, western Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan","volume":"75","author":"Yamana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish. Sci"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Capture production 1950\u20132005. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fi\/statist\/FISOFT\/FISHPLUS.asp."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Toral-Granda, V, Lovatelli, A, and Vasconcellos, M Population Status, Fisheries and Trade of Sea Cucumbers in Africa and Indian Ocean. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/011\/i0375e\/i0375e00.htm."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Toral-Granda, V, Lovatelli, A, and Vasconcellos, M (2008). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 516, FAO."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"22","article-title":"Madagascar Holothurie SA: The first trade company based on sea cucumber aquaculture in Madagascar","volume":"28","author":"Eeckhaut","year":"2008","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"24","article-title":"Processing and marketing of holothurians in the Toliara region, southwestern Madagascar","volume":"28","author":"Lavitra","year":"2008","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"38","article-title":"From hatchery to community\u2014Madagascar\u2019s first village-based holothurian mariculture programme","volume":"29","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Lovatelli, A, Conand, C, Purcell, S, Uthicke, S, Hamel, J-F, and Mercier, A (2004). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 463, FAO."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Toral-Granda, V, Lovatelli, A, and Vasconcellos, M (2008). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 516, FAO."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Clarke, S (2002). Trade in Asian Dried Seafood: Characterization, Estimation and Implications for Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Lovatelli, A, Conand, C, Purcell, S, Uthicke, S, Hamel, J-F, and Mercier, A (2004). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 463, FAO."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Yuan, WP, Liu, CH, Wang, XJ, Meng, XM, Xia, XK, Zhang, MS, and Hu, W Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-SPKJ201005091.htm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(03)00175-1","article-title":"Value and effects on digestive enzymes and serum lipids of the marine invertebrate Holothuria forskali","volume":"23","author":"Taboada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Qin, Z, Jing-feng, W, Yong, X, Yi, W, Sen, G, Min, L, and Chang-hu, X Comparative study on the bioactive components and immune function of three species of sea cucumber. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-ZSCK200801022.htm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10281.x","article-title":"Collagen as the major edible component of sea cucumber","volume":"67","author":"Saito","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Sci"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2007.08.011","article-title":"Antihypertensive effect and purification of an ACE inhibitory peptide from sea cucumber gelatin hydrolysate","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Process Biochem"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Jian, J, and Bao-ling, Y Studies on resources and bioactive substances of sea cucumber. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-SWTX200405031.htm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(98)00253-5","article-title":"Fatty acid compositions in local sea cucumber, Stichopus chloronotus for wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Fredalina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"489","article-title":"Lipid and fatty acid composition of holothurians from tropical and temperate waters","volume":"4","author":"Svetashev","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2008.05.013","article-title":"Lipid, sterols and fatty acid composition of abyssal holothurians and ophiuroids from the North-East Pacific Ocean: Food web implications","volume":"151","author":"Drazen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00256-1","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory disease","volume":"56","author":"Gil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(94)90101-5","article-title":"Fatty acid and amino acid composition in haruan as a potential role in wound healing","volume":"25","author":"Mat","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acids and the prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"96","author":"Harper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2003.07.005","article-title":"n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and colon cancer prevention","volume":"23","author":"Roynette","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(98)00171-6","article-title":"Oral absorption and clearance of partially depolymerized fucosyl chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber","volume":"93","author":"Imanari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb. Res"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.02.025","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterization of fucan sulfates from the body wall of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus and their ability to inhibit osteoclastogenesis","volume":"339","author":"Kariya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2174\/157016308786733564","article-title":"Potential therapeutic application of chondroitin sulfate\/dermatan sulfate","volume":"5","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"8","article-title":"Identification of eight species of sea cucumber chondroitin sulfates by high temperature ~1H NMR","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Instrum. Anal"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.19","article-title":"Investigations into the mechanism by which sulfated polysaccharides inhibit HIV infection in vitro","volume":"8","author":"McClure","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029300400306","article-title":"Frequent occurrence of HIV-inhibitory sulphated polysaccharides in marine invertebrates","volume":"4","author":"Beutler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"79","article-title":"Saponin from sea cucumber Stichopus badionotus sluiter as potential cytotoxic agent on CEM-SS T-lymphoblastic cell","volume":"18","author":"Kaswandi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Microsc. Soc. Thailand"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.036350","article-title":"Philinopside E, a new sulfated saponin from sea cucumber, blocks the interaction between kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) and \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin via binding to the extracellular domain of KDR","volume":"72","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/md8010173","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative saponin contents in five sea cucumbers from the Indian Ocean","volume":"8","author":"Gerbaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"48","article-title":"Review of saponin diversity in sea cucumbers belonging to the family Holothuridae","volume":"31","author":"Caulier","year":"2011","journal-title":"SPC Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-25","article-title":"Dietary saponins of sea cucumber alleviate orotic acid-induced fatty liver in rats via PPAR\u03b1 and SREBP-1c signalling","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1021\/np0705413","article-title":"Constituents of the sea cucumber Cucumaria okhotensis. Structures of okhotosides B1\u2013B3 and cytotoxic activities of some glycosides from this species","volume":"71","author":"Silchenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00599-1","article-title":"Two selective novel triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber, Telenata Ananas: Inhibitors of chemokine receptor-5","volume":"12","author":"Hegde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/md204185","article-title":"Philinopgenin A, B, and C, three new triterpenoid aglycones from the sea cucumber Pentacta quadrangulasis","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-005-1354-y","article-title":"Sea cucumbers triterpene glycosides, the recent progress in structural elucidation and chemotaxonomy","volume":"4","author":"Kalinin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1021\/np040205b","article-title":"Intercedensides D\u2013I, cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Mensamaria intercedens Lampert","volume":"68","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-5995(08)80006-3","article-title":"Triterpene glycosides from sea cucucmbers (holothurioidea, echinodermata). Biological activities and functions","volume":"35","author":"Kalinin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on chemical constituents from the sea cucumber Holothuria impatiens","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1021\/np800469v","article-title":"Triterpene glycosides from Antarctic sea cucumbers. 2. Structure of Achlioniceosides A1, A2, and A3 from the sea cucumber Achlionice violaecuspidata (=Rhipidothuria racowitzai)","volume":"72","author":"Antonov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1185865","article-title":"Two new cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra","volume":"75","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1009.2009.00346","article-title":"Triterpene glycosides from Sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1021\/np060106t","article-title":"Bioactive triterpene glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Holothuria fuscocinerea","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)86166-9","article-title":"Structure of holothurin A a biologically active triterpene-oligoglycoside from the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt","volume":"20","author":"Kitagawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124397","article-title":"Amino acid sequence of a lectin from the sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus, and its structural relationship to the C-type animal lectin family","volume":"115","author":"Himeshima","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2008.01.002","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a T-antigen specific lectin from the coelomic fluid of a marine invertebrate, sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra)","volume":"24","author":"Gowda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.04.015","article-title":"Langmur monolayers of cerebroside with different head groups originated from sea cucumber: Binary systems with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)","volume":"72","author":"Ikeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Lu, Y, Kang, C, and Xue, C Separation and purification of cerebrosides from sea cucumbers. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-SPKX200911006.htm."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(96)00258-3","article-title":"Structure of fucose branches in the glycosaminoglycan from the body wall of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus","volume":"297","author":"Kariya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020070k","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effect of glycosaminoglycans from the sea cucumber Metriatyla scabra in rats fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.01.032","article-title":"Free-radical depolymerization of glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Thelenata ananas by hydrogen peroxide and copper ions","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(83)90090-7","article-title":"Some constituents of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa","volume":"12","author":"Findlay","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mar. Chem"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1021\/np50032a015","article-title":"A New Aglycone from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria Frondosa","volume":"47","author":"Findlay","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.49.447","article-title":"Constituents of holothuroidea. 10. Isolation and structure of a biologically active ganglioside molecular species from the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota","volume":"49","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1021\/np000584i","article-title":"Two new cytotoxic and virucidal trisulfated triterpene glycosides from the Antarctic sea cucumber Staurocucumis liouvillei","volume":"64","author":"Maier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)00970-X","article-title":"Patagonicoside A: A novel antifungal disulfated triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber Psolus patagonicus","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2009.07.010","article-title":"Proliferative effects on neural stem\/progenitor cells of a sulfated polysaccharide purified from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicas","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng"},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Wu, P, Chen, Y, Fang, J, and Su, W Studies on the chemical constituents from sea cucumber Mensamaria intercedens IV isolation, properties and antitumor activity of the glycoprotein from Mensamaria intercedens. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-HYYW200005001.htm."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"161","article-title":"Antimicrobial substances of potential biomedical importance from holothurian species","volume":"31","author":"Jawahar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318182ee45","article-title":"The research progress of antitumorous effectiveness of Stichopus japonicus acid mucopolysaccharide in north of China","volume":"337","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1249854","article-title":"Cytotoxic Holostane-Type Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Pentacta quadrangularis","volume":"76","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0112","article-title":"Chemopreventive effects of frondanol A5, a Cucumaria frondosa extract, against rat colon carcinogenesis and inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth","volume":"3","author":"Janakiram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5180","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01528a040","article-title":"Holothurin I. Isolation, properties, and sugar components of holothurin A","volume":"81","author":"Chanley","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14984","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610560200","article-title":"Selectin blocking activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber, effect on tumor metastasis and neutrophil recruitment","volume":"282","author":"Borsing","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23973","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.39.23973","article-title":"Structure and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulphate from echinoderm. Sulphated fucose branches on the polysaccharide account for its high anticoagulant action","volume":"271","author":"Mourao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Poh-Sze, C (2004). Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management, FAO."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Ming, S Investigation on Component and Pharmacology of Sea Cucumber. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-ZCYA200110021.htm."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Collin, PD (1999). Inhibition of angiogenesis by sea cucumber fractions. (5,985,330), United States Patent."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.11.202","article-title":"Cytostatic activity of hot water extracts from the sea cucumber in Caco-2","volume":"11","author":"Ogushi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Res"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1414.025","article-title":"Review of the Apoptosis Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer and the Anti-apoptotic Effects of the Novel Sea Cucumber Compound, Frondoside A","volume":"1138","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"135","article-title":"The triterpenoid frondoside A from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa inhibits proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells in vivo and in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01837.x","article-title":"Differential effects of sulfated triterpene glycosides, holothurin A1, and 24-Dehydroechinoside A, on antimetastasic activity via regulation of the MMP-9 signal pathway","volume":"75","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00211-4","article-title":"Structure\/function studies of anticoagulant sulphated polysaccharides using NMR","volume":"77","author":"Mulloy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.042","article-title":"Physicochemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of low molecular weight fractions by free-radical depolymerization of a fucosylated chondroitin sulphate from sea cucumber Thelenata ananas","volume":"122","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Fu, X, and Cui, Z Anti-fatigue effects of lower polypeptide from sea cucumber on mice. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-SSPJ200704086.htm."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Wang, H, Yin, H, Jin, H, and Ha, J The study of anti-fatigue effects of sea cucumber polypeptide on mice. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-SPJX200703028.htm."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Anti-fatigue and immune functions of sea cucumber oral liquid","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod. Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"244","article-title":"Antifatigue effect of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus in mice","volume":"31","author":"Bing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci"},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Zhao, Y, Li, B, Zeng, M, Dong, S, and Liu, Z Study on antihypertensive activity of a lower-value sea cucumber protein hydrolysate. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-HDXY200901013.htm."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.03.002","article-title":"A novel ACE inhibitory peptide isolated from Acaudina molpadioidea hydrolysate","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(78)90228-8","article-title":"A proposed phylogenetic relationship between sea cucumber Polian vesicles and the vertebrate lymphoreticular system","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"23","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of a holothurian (sea cucumber) food supplement in rats","volume":"9","author":"Whitehouse","year":"1994","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)01188-0","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity in mice of extracts from mediterranean marine invertebrates","volume":"62","author":"Herencia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(95)00041-0","article-title":"Screening for antibacterial agents in three species of sea cucumbers from coastal areas of Sabah","volume":"26","author":"Ridzwan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2011(02)00153-2","article-title":"Antibacterial activity in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinoidea), Cucumaria frondosa (Holothuroidea), and Asterias rubens (Asteroidea)","volume":"8","author":"Haug","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.12.052","article-title":"Antifungal activity in triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Actinopyga lecanora","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3844\/ajbbsp.2007.60.65","article-title":"New bacterial species isolated from Malaysian sea cucumbers with optimized secreted antibacterial activity","volume":"3","author":"Farouk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2008.01.002","article-title":"Antifungal activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts from the Mediterranean sea cucumber, Holothuria polii","volume":"18","author":"Ismail","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/np0106236","article-title":"Cytotoxic and antifungal triterpene glycosides from the Patagonian sea cucumber Hemoiedema spectabilis","volume":"65","author":"Chludil","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315408001185","article-title":"Chemical ecology and bioactivity of triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Psolus patagonicus (Dendrochirotida: Psolidae)","volume":"88","author":"Muniai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1088348","article-title":"Antifungal triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata","volume":"75","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1021\/jf063085h","article-title":"Compositional characteristics and antioxidant properties of fresh and processed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa)","volume":"55","author":"Zhong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-007-0255-7","article-title":"Study on free radical scavenging activity of sea cucumber (Paracaudina chinens var.) gelatin hydrolysate","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"50","article-title":"Study on the separation and antioxidant activity of enzymatic hydrolysates from sea cucumber","volume":"33","author":"Chenghui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Ferment. Ind"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2009.02114.x","article-title":"Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates prepared from echinoderm byproducts","volume":"45","author":"Mamelona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Su, Y, Liu, S, and Wu, C Optimization of the preparation procedure and the antioxidant activity of polypeptide from sea cucumber. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-FJSC200902001.htm."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-010-0094-9","article-title":"Antioxidation activities of low-molecular-weight gelatin hydrolysate isolated from the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicas","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Huihui, C, Ping, Y, and Jianrong, L The preparation of collagen polypeptide with free radical scavenging ability purified from Acaudina molpadioides Semper. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-ZGSP201001002.htm."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"55","article-title":"The potential of the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber as an antioxidant","volume":"5","author":"Hawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mal. J. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEY.0000033803.35634.46","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymatic activity of coelomocytes of the Far East sea cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix","volume":"40","author":"Dolmatova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biochem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-200401000-00008","article-title":"Venous and arterial thrombosis in rat models: Dissociation of the antithrombotic effects of glycosaminoglycans","volume":"15","author":"Zancan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648154","article-title":"Antithrombotic and anticoagulant activity of depolymerized fragment of the glycosaminoglycan extracted from Stichopus japonicus Selenka","volume":"65","author":"Suzuki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"706","article-title":"Basic and clinical study on the antithrombotic mechanism of glycosaminoglycan extracted from sea cucumber","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl. )"},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Wei-wei, Z, and Yin, L Study advance of Holothuria in antitumor activities. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-BXYY201001035.htm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)86479-6","article-title":"Holothurinosides: New antitumor non sulphated triterpenoid glycosides from the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali","volume":"47","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.12.290","article-title":"Apoptosis-inducing activity of hot water extracts from the sea cucumber in human colon tumor cells","volume":"12","author":"Ogushi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Res"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-931603","article-title":"Nobilisides A\u2013C, three new triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Holothuria nobilis","volume":"72","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020600882676","article-title":"Hillasides A and B, two new cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Holothuria hilla Lesson","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790037","article-title":"A new cytotoxic lanostane-type triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber Holothuria impatiens","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers"},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"19","article-title":"Water extract of Stichopus sp. 1 improves wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Yaacob","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Perubatan Univ. Kebangsaan Malays"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051410206","article-title":"Cutaneous wound healing in the sea cucumber, Thyone briareus","volume":"141","author":"Menton","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Morphol"},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Ridzwan, BH, Dayang, KM, Fredalina, B, Haniza, H, and Suhaina, S (2000). Crude Extracts of Three Local Species of Sea-Cucumbers: Their Inhibitory Effects on Histamine Induced Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs, University Kebangsaan."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"Kim, KH, Chin, KY, Chin, KC, and Yaacob, HB (2001, January 8\u201310). Anti-anaphylactic shock properties of sea cucumber water extract (\u201cAir Gamat\u201d). Melaka, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2001.244.246","article-title":"The antinocieptive effects of extracts from Stichopus chloronotus Brandt","volume":"4","author":"Ridzwan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2003.2068.2072","article-title":"The antinociceptive effects ofwater extracts from sea cucumbers Holothuria leocospilota Brandt, Bohadschia marmoratavitiensis Jaeger and coelomic fluid from Stichopus hermanii","volume":"6","author":"Ridzwan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0979-3","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity in vitro and in vivo of constituents of sea cucumber Actinopyga lecanora","volume":"103","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res"}],"container-title":["Marine Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/9\/10\/1761\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:35Z","timestamp":1760219855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-3397\/9\/10\/1761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["md9101761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md9101761","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-3397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]]}}}