{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:10:25Z","timestamp":1764828625890,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objective: Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is a vision-threatening condition arising from various corneal diseases. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of bevacizumab and interferon alpha-2a (IFN\u03b1-2a) treatment on corneal neovascularization. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were used in this study. After cauterization of the cornea with a silver nitrate applicator stick, the control group received 0.1 mL saline solution, the second group received 0.1 mL IFN\u03b1-2a (IFN\u03b1-2a, 6 million international units [MIU]\/0.5 mL), and the third group received 2.5 mg bevacizumab by subconjunctival injection. An additional injection was administered to each group on the fourth day. After one week, the corneal neovascularization rate and the longest neovascular sprout length were determined. Results: The neovascularization rate (saline 0.65 \u00b1 0.05; IFN\u03b1-2a 0.62 \u00b1 0.07; bevacizumab 0.42 \u00b1 0.11) with bevacizumab was significantly lower, more than those with IFN\u03b1-2a and saline (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001). The longest neovascular sprout length (saline, 4.00 \u00b1 0.6 mm; IFN\u03b1-2a, 3.63 \u00b1 0.52 mm; bevacizumab, 2.81 \u00b1 0.65 mm) with bevacizumab was significantly shorter than those with saline and IFN\u03b1-2a (p = 0.001 and p = 0.012). Conclusions: Subconjunctival IFN\u03b1-2a has limited efficacy in the treatment of corneal neovascularization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54020016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T03:17:02Z","timestamp":1525749422000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of the Effects of Subconjunctival Injections of Bevacizumab and Interferon Alpha-2a on Corneal Angiogenesis in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3697-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Bilgin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sifa University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200108000-00002","article-title":"Corneal neovascularization","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200007000-00025","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and transforming growth factor beta1 in human corneas with neovascularization","volume":"19","author":"Cursiefen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"264","article-title":"Corneal angiogenic privilege: Angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in corneal avascularity, vasculogenesis, and wound healing (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis)","volume":"104","author":"Azar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.02.011","article-title":"Focus on molecules: Interleukin\u20131: A master regulator of the corneal response to injury","volume":"89","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"162","article-title":"Triamcinolone Acetonide as an Adjunct to Bevacizumab for Prevention of Corneal Neovascularization in a Rat Model","volume":"9","author":"Mehrjardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452685","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/452685","article-title":"Inhibition of corneal neovascularization by topical and subconjunctival tigecycline","volume":"2014","author":"Goktas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11032","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the multitargeted receptor kinase inhibitor pazopanib in the treatment of cornealneovascularization","volume":"54","author":"Amparo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"136","article-title":"Comparison of subconjunctivally injected bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and pegaptanib for inhibition of corneal neovascularization in a rat model","volume":"6","author":"Akar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181e458c5","article-title":"Subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of corneal neovascularization associated with lipid deposition","volume":"30","author":"Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.03.006","article-title":"Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of interferons","volume":"135","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1995.1024","article-title":"Interferon-alpha 2b enhances barrier function of bovine retinal microvascular endothelium in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Gillies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cellini, M., Balducci, N., Strobbe, E., and Campos, E.C. (2013). Subtenon injection of natural leukocyte interferon \u03b1-2a in diabetic macular edema: A case report. BMC Ophthalmol., 13.","key":"ref_12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-13-63"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"CD005138","article-title":"Antiangiogenic therapy with interferon alfa for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Reddy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.05.004","article-title":"Systemic remission of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma after intralesional interferon alpha-2b to bilateral conjunctival lymphomas","volume":"138","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0753","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of rapamycin on corneal neovascularization in vitro and in vivo. Invest","volume":"46","author":"Kwon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"588","article-title":"Topically administered bevacizumab had longer standing anti-angiogenic effect than subconjunctivally injected bevacizumab in rat corneal neovacularization","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2004.00312.x","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 in the regulation of corneal neovascularization and wound healing","volume":"82","author":"Gan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Correlation of VEGF expression by leukocytes with the growth and regression of blood vessels in the rat cornea","volume":"40","author":"Edelman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2514","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in inflamed and vascularized human corneas","volume":"41","author":"Philipp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9108","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7255","article-title":"Doxycycline enhances the inhibitory effects of bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization and prevents its side effects","volume":"52","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, O., Xie, Z.L., and Lin, B.W. (2012). Minocycline inhibits alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization in mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","key":"ref_21","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041858"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"448","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of bevacizumab and ranibizumab injection on corneal angiogenesis in an alkali burn induced model","volume":"5","author":"Dursun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000336324","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1 therapy in noninfectious uveitis","volume":"51","author":"Deuter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2015.56.4.1158","article-title":"Clinical experience of interferon alfa-2a treatment for refractory uveitis in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31712-4","article-title":"Regression of experimental iris neovascularization with systemic alpha interferon","volume":"100","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200868040-00009","article-title":"Bevacizumab: A review of its use in metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"68","author":"McCormack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"unstructured":"F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd Interferon alfa-2a Prescribing Information, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.","key":"ref_27"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0570","article-title":"Bevacizumab as a potent inhibitor of inflammatory corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Bock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000144030","article-title":"Clinical and experimental research of corneal lymphangiogenesis after keratoplasty","volume":"222","author":"Ling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/54\/2\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:00:55Z","timestamp":1760194855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/54\/2\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina54020016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina54020016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]}}}