{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:05:16Z","timestamp":1767625516635,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Research Program VPP BIOMEDICINE  \u201eClinical, molecular-biological and morpho-functional research of diagnostics and treatment of inherited and acquired diseases of childhood\u201d.","award":["Project No 8.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No 8.2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: In children, acute infection is the most common cause of visits to the emergency department. Although most of them are self-limiting, mortality due to severe bacterial infections (SBI) in developed countries is still high. When the risk of serious bacterial infection is too high to ignore, yet too low to justify admission and hospital observation, clinicians try to improve diagnostic accuracy by performing various laboratory tests. The aim of the study was to investigate whether an early inflammatory cytokine and chemokine panel can add information in diagnostics of SBI and assessment of efficacy of early therapies in hospitalized children with fever. Methods: This study included 51 children with febrile infections that were admitted to the emergency department (ED). Clinical examination and microbiological and radiological tests were used as reference standards for the definition of SBI. Study population was categorized into two groups: (1) patients with SBI (n = 21); (2) patients without SBI (n = 30). Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine panels were analyzed from the first routine blood samples at hospital admission and after 24 h. Results: Out of 12 cytokines and chemokines, only Eotaxin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) had statistically significant differences between groups at the time of inclusion. Receiver operator characteristic analysis to predict SBI showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.679 for G-CSF. Conclusions: Analysis of inflammatory cytokine profiles may provide additional information in early diagnostics of SBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T11:11:56Z","timestamp":1546513916000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Patterns in Paediatric Patients with Suspected Serious Bacterial Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Rautiainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lapland Central Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Rovaniemi 96101, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Pavare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilze","family":"Grope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peteris","family":"Tretjakovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dace","family":"Gardovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta16150","article-title":"Systematic review and validation of prediction rules for identifying children with serious infections in emergency departments and urgent-access primary care","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbakel, J.Y., Van den Bruel, A., Thompson, M., Stevens, R., Aertgeerts, B., Oostenbrink, R., Moll, H.A., Berger, M.Y., Lakhanpaul, M., and Mant, D. (2013). How well do clinical prediction rules perform in identifying serious infections in acutely ill children across an international network of ambulatory care datasets?. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-10"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d3082","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3082","article-title":"Diagnostic value of laboratory tests in identifying serious infections in febrile children: Systematic review","volume":"342","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000149131.72248.E6","article-title":"International pediatric sepsis consensus conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ dysfunction in pediatrics","volume":"6","author":"Goldstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","article-title":"Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis","volume":"315","author":"Seymour","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"201","article-title":"Biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal infections: A systematic analysis of their potential as a point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"1","author":"Meem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8872","article-title":"Sepsis biomarkers: A review","volume":"14","author":"Pierrakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264351","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/264351","article-title":"Biomarkers for sepsis: A review with special attention to India","volume":"2014","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310760","article-title":"BCG vaccination at birth and early childhood hospitalisation: A randomised clinical multicentre trial","volume":"102","author":"Stensballe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5723","article-title":"Use of plasma C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, neutrophils, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in combination to diagnose infections: A prospective study","volume":"11","author":"Kofoed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c1594","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1594","article-title":"The accuracy of clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of serious bacterial infection in young febrile children: Prospective cohort study of 15 781 febrile illnesses","volume":"340","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irwin, A.D., Marriage, F., Mankhambo, L.A., Jeffers, G., Kolamunnage-Dona, R., Guiver, M., Denis, B., Molyneux, E.M., Molyneux, M.E., and Day, P.J. (2012). Novel biomarker combination improves the diagnosis of serious bacterial infections in Malawian children. BMC Med. Genom., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-5-13"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12095","article-title":"Serum CCL11 (eotaxin-1) and CCL17 (TARC) are serological indicators of multiple helminth infections and are driven by Schistosoma mansoni infection in humans","volume":"18","author":"Geiger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2013.121231","article-title":"All eotaxins CCL11, CCL24 and CCL26 are increased but to various extents in pulmonary tuberculosis patients","volume":"60","author":"Sharifabadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.132480","article-title":"Detection of respiratory viruses and the associated chemokine responses in serious acute respiratory illness","volume":"65","author":"Sumino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr012","article-title":"Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor in Preterm Neonates with Sepsis and Relative Neutropenia: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Non-placebo-controlled Trial","volume":"58","author":"Gathwala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-012-0481-3","article-title":"Use of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, interleukin-6, granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony stimulating factor in combination to predict the severity and outcome of abdominal sepsis in rats","volume":"61","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5783","article-title":"Cytokine profiles as markers of disease severity in sepsis: A multiplex analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bozza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922813482751","article-title":"Usefulness of Urinary Immune Biomarkers in the Evaluation of Neonatal Sepsis","volume":"52","author":"Borkowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:23:24Z","timestamp":1760185404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina55010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]}}}