{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:15:02Z","timestamp":1772626502028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Estonian Ministry of Education and Research","award":["IUT 20-58 and IUT 02-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT 20-58 and IUT 02-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: In temperate environments, acute orally induced metabolic alkalosis alleviates exercise stress, as reflected in attenuated stress hormone responses to relatively short-duration exercise bouts. However, it is unknown whether the same phenomenon occurs during prolonged exercise in the heat. This study was undertaken with aim to test the hypothesis that ingestion of an alkalizing substance (sodium citrate; CIT) after dehydrating exercise would decrease blood levels of stress hormones during subsequent 40 km cycling time-trial (TT) in the heat. Materials and Methods: Male non-heat-acclimated athletes (n = 20) lost 4% of body mass by exercising in the heat. Then, during a 16 h recovery period prior to TT in a warm environment (32 \u00b0C), participants ate the prescribed food and ingested CIT (600 mg\u00b7kg\u22121) or placebo (PLC) in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with 7 days between the two trials. Blood aldosterone, cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone concentrations were measured before and after TT. Results: Total work performed during TT was similar in the two trials (p = 0.716). In CIT compared to PLC trial, lower levels of aldosterone occurred before (72%) and after (39%) TT (p \u02c2 0.001), and acute response of aldosterone to TT was blunted (29%, p \u02c2 0.001). Lower cortisol levels in CIT than in PLC trial occurred before (13%, p = 0.039) and after TT (14%, p = 0.001), but there were no between-trial differences in the acute responses of cortisol, prolactin or growth hormone to TT, or in concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone before or after TT (in all cases p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Reduced aldosterone and cortisol levels after TT and blunted acute response of aldosterone to TT indicate that CIT ingestion during recovery after dehydrating exercise may alleviate stress during the next hard endurance cycling bout in the heat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55040103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T12:55:04Z","timestamp":1555073704000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Sodium Citrate Supplementation after Dehydrating Exercise on Responses of Stress Hormones to Subsequent Endurance Cycling Time-Trial in the Heat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Silva","family":"Suvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mooses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Timpmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luule","family":"Medijainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Unt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahur","family":"\u00d6\u00f6pik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Burke, L., and Deakin, V. (2006). Supplements and sports foods. Clinical Sports Nutrition, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2165\/11591440-000000000-00000","article-title":"Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance. A meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate: Ergogenic aids","volume":"19","author":"Requena","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000126392.20025.17","article-title":"Induced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint ability","volume":"36","author":"Bishop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050559","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate can be used as an ergogenic aid in high-intensity, competitive cycle ergometry of 1 h duration","volume":"80","author":"McNaughton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972800","article-title":"Sodium citrate ingestion enhances 30 km cycling performance","volume":"17","author":"Potteiger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"E316","article-title":"Effect of induced metabolic alkalosis on human skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise","volume":"278","author":"Parolin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00048.2015","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate ingestion augments the increase in PGC-1\u03b1 mRNA expression during recovery from intense interval exercise in human skeletal muscle","volume":"119","author":"Percival","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1139\/h2012-089","article-title":"Dietary sodium citrate supplementation enhances rehydration and recovery from rapid body mass loss in trained wrestlers","volume":"37","author":"Timpmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-018","article-title":"Ingestion of sodium citrate suppresses aldosterone level in blood at rest and during exercise","volume":"35","author":"Timpmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"113","article-title":"Salt and fluid loading: Effects on blood volume and exercise performance","volume":"59","author":"Hamouti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"508","article-title":"Stress, definition and concepts","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Fink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Stress"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1134\/S0362119714020091","article-title":"Cortisol as a marker of stress","volume":"40","author":"Kozlov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571","article-title":"Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health","volume":"5","author":"Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1586\/17446651.1.6.783","article-title":"Stress and the neuroendocrine system: The role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress","volume":"1","author":"Hackney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Garrett, W.E., and Kirkendall, D.T. (2000). Endocrine responses to exercise and training. Exercise and Sport Science, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.03.006","article-title":"Pre-exercise alkalosis attenuates the heat shock protein 72 response to a single-bout of anaerobic exercise","volume":"14","author":"Peart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1419-3","article-title":"The influence of exogenous carbohydrate provision and pre-exercise alkalosis on the heat shock protein response to prolonged interval cycling","volume":"44","author":"Peart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198806000-00003","article-title":"Metabolic and blood catecholamine responses to exercise during alkalosis","volume":"20","author":"Bouissou","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000152704.34531.B6","article-title":"Alkalosis and the plasma catecholamine response to high-intensity exercise in man","volume":"37","author":"Bracken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0591-7","article-title":"Effect of alkalosis on plasma epinephrine responses to high intensity cycle exercise in humans","volume":"87","author":"Marx","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2010.08.001","article-title":"Effect of high and low intensity exercise and metabolic acidosis on levels of GH, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and cortisol","volume":"20","author":"Wahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.2.821","article-title":"Effect of acid-base balance on the growth hormone response to acute high-intensity cycle exercise","volume":"76","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000210195.94952.50","article-title":"Bicarbonate reduces serum prolactin increase induced by exercise to exhaustion","volume":"38","author":"Wahrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100082","article-title":"Integrated physiological mechanisms of exercise performance, adaptation, and maladaptation to heat stress","volume":"1","author":"Sawka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.01.001","article-title":"Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress","volume":"196","author":"Cheshire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/15438620490886998","article-title":"A cumulative stress and training continuum model: a multidisciplinary approach to unexplained underperformance syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Polman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2371-3","article-title":"Effects of heat acclimation on endurance capacity and prolactin response to exercise in the heat","volume":"112","author":"Burk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130500101254","article-title":"The influence of environmental temperature on duathlon performance","volume":"48","author":"Sparks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0809-3","article-title":"Impact of elevated ambient temperatures on the acute immune response to intensive endurance exercise","volume":"89","author":"Niess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2013.10.001","article-title":"Heat acclimation decreases the growth hormone response to acute constant-load exercise in the heat","volume":"24","author":"Timpmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.12.004","article-title":"Effects of acute exercise on serum interleukin-17 concentrations in hot and neutral environments in trained males","volume":"37","author":"Satarifard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.11.004","article-title":"Effects of heat acclimation on time perception","volume":"95","author":"Tamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00756","article-title":"Heat and dehydration additively enhance cardiovascular outcomes following orthostatically-stressful calisthenics exercise","volume":"8","author":"Akerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0584","article-title":"Impact of sodium citrate ingestion during recovery after dehydrating exercise on rehydration and subsequent 40-km cycling time-trial performance in the heat","volume":"43","author":"Suvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236058","article-title":"Sodium citrate and anaerobic performance: Implications of dosage","volume":"61","author":"McNaughton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.2.247","article-title":"Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration","volume":"37","author":"Dill","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08730.x","article-title":"Aldosterone secretion during acute metabolic and respiratory alkalosis in the goat","volume":"137","author":"Augustinsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130037","article-title":"Regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion","volume":"4","author":"Bollag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"72","article-title":"Role of ACTH and other hormones in the regulation of aldosterone production in primary aldosteronism","volume":"7","author":"Bourdeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieu, F.K., Lin, C.Y., Wang, P.S., Jian, C.Y., Yeh, Y.H., Chen, Y.A., Wang, K.L., Lin, Y.C., Chang, L.L., and Wang, G.J. (2013). Effect of swimming on the production of aldosterone in rats. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087080"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.2.540","article-title":"NaHCO3 and KHCO3 ingestion rapidly increases renal electrolyte excretion in humans","volume":"88","author":"Lindinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Shier, D., Butler, J., and Lewis, R. (1996). Hole\u2019s Human Anatomy and Physiology, Wm. C. Brown Publishers. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.6.2386","article-title":"Fluid and electrolyte hormonal responses to exercise and acute plasma volume expansion","volume":"81","author":"Grant","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-14943","article-title":"Acute plasma volume expansion in the untrained alters the hormonal response to prolonged moderate-intensity exercise","volume":"33","author":"Roy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015","article-title":"Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Staufenbiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"R502","article-title":"Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis","volume":"287","author":"Robergs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2655.2010","article-title":"Core temperature influences on the relationship between exercise-induced leukocytosis and cortisol or TNF-alpha","volume":"81","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aviat. Space. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730410001670651","article-title":"Cytokine induction during exertional hyperthermia is abolished by core temperature clamping: neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Rhind","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantini, N., and Hackney, A.C. (2013). Methodological considerations in exercise endocrinology. Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport, Humana Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-314-5"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"E1040","article-title":"Effects of exercise on neuroendocrine secretions and glucose regulation at different times of day","volume":"274","author":"Scheen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02266.x","article-title":"Influences of exercise and training on the circulating concentration of prolactin in humans","volume":"24","author":"Hollmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2478\/v10036-010-0018-1","article-title":"Exercise, heat stress and the interleukin-6 response: support for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000180324","article-title":"Exercise-induced blood prolactin variations in trained adult males: A thermic stress more than an osmotic stress","volume":"23","author":"Brisson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1113\/eph8702342","article-title":"Hyperprolactinaemia during prolonged exercise in the heat: Evidence for a centrally mediated component of fatigue in trained cyclists","volume":"87","author":"Pitsiladis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-6-1250","article-title":"Exercise-induced prolactin release is related to anaerobiosis","volume":"60","author":"Baeyens","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000126912","article-title":"Plasma growth hormone and prolactin responses to graded levels of acute exercise and to a lactate infusion","volume":"56","author":"Luger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2503-9","article-title":"The impact of increased blood lactate on serum S100B and prolactin concentrations in male adult athletes","volume":"113","author":"Schulte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1113\/eph8802593","article-title":"Ambient temperature and the pituitary hormone response to exercise in humans","volume":"88","author":"Bridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.3.1351","article-title":"Prolactinotrophic effect of endogenous and exogenous heat loads in human male adults","volume":"70","author":"Brisson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2004.027839","article-title":"Paroxetine administration to influence human exercise capacity, perceived effort or hormone responses during prolonged exercise in a warm environment","volume":"89","author":"Strachan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00792.2007","article-title":"Human blood neutrophil responses to prolonged exercise with and without a thermal clamp","volume":"104","author":"Laing","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"295","article-title":"Characterization of growth hormone release in response to external heating. Comparison to exercise induced release","volume":"107","author":"Christensen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2006.02.005","article-title":"Exercising in the cold inhibits growth hormone secretion by reducing the rise in core body temperature","volume":"16","author":"Wheldon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-073","article-title":"Effect of hyperthermia and physical activity on circulating growth hormone","volume":"33","author":"Ftaiti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/4\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:45:03Z","timestamp":1760186703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/4\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina55040103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55040103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]}}}