{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:10:48Z","timestamp":1790507448068,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]],"date-time":"2019-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2017R1C1B5018028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1C1B5018028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The growing burden and deleterious health consequences of allergic diseases, especially of allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AD), in developed countries remains an important public health issue. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis among residents of Pohang-Si and Yeongdeok-Gun, two municipal areas in South Korea. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in both municipal areas between 12 November and 13 December 2017. A total of 302 subjects were recruited from 100 households (25 apartments and 25 houses in each municipality), by system extraction according to district code numbers. Data were collected using International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Standard Questionnaires for children and a health questionnaire for adults. Risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 302 study participants, 12.9% and 25.5% had AD and AR, respectively. The significant factors associated with AD by multivariate logistic regression analysis were age \u226519 years (aOR (adjusted odds ratio) 6.9; 95% CI (confidence interval) (2.9\u201316.37)), residence in Pohang-Si (aOR 2.5; 95% CI (1.18\u20135.53)), and family history of allergic disease (aOR 2.3; 95% CI (1.09\u20134.9)). Similarly, the significant factors associated with AR were male gender (aOR 2.3; 95% CI (1.24\u20134.42)), age \u226519 years (aOR 4.4; 95% CI (2.28\u20138.48)), residence in Pohang-Si (aOR 2.8; 95% CI (1.51\u20135.37)), and family history of allergic disease (aOR 6.7; 95% CI (3.50\u201312.82)). Conclusion: The present study shows that age \u226519 years, residence in Pohang-Si, and family history of allergic disease are risk factors for AD and AR, and that, additionally, male gender is a risk factor of AR. Understanding the risk factors of allergic diseases can aid the design and implementation of evidence-specific strategies to reduce the long-standing problems associated with allergic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Factors Associated with Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Rhinitis among Residents of Two Municipal Areas in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2270-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilaram","family":"Acharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, Rupandehi 32907, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bishnu Bahadur","family":"Bajgain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, National Open College, Pokhara University, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok-Ju","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01884.x","article-title":"Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (isaac) phase three","volume":"64","author":"Pearce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.009","article-title":"Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from isaac phase three","volume":"124","author":"Odhiambo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (aria) 2008 update (in collaboration with the world health organization, ga(2)len and allergen)","volume":"86","author":"Bousquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12470","article-title":"Economic burden of inadequate management of allergic diseases in the european union: A ga(2) len review","volume":"69","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"54","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2010.09.009","article-title":"Stress and allergic diseases","volume":"31","author":"Dave","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5005","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005005","article-title":"Longitudinal association between early atopic dermatitis and subsequent attention-deficit or autistic disorder: A population-based case-control study","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12193-9","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"361","author":"Leung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21060","article-title":"New insights into atopic dermatitis","volume":"113","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2003.09.009","article-title":"New concepts in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Leung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-017-0168-7","article-title":"Comorbidities of atopic dermatitis: Beyond rhinitis and asthma","volume":"6","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12410","article-title":"Allergic multimorbidity of asthma, rhinitis and eczema over 20 years in the german birth cohort mas","volume":"26","author":"Gough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases","volume":"8","author":"Cecchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mechanistic impact of outdoor air pollution on asthma and allergic diseases","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4040","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and comorbidities of allergic rhinitis in south korea: The fifth korea national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"28","author":"Rhee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.7581\/pard.2012.22.3.248","article-title":"The prevalence of allergic diseases in children living in jeju","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"143","article-title":"Analysis of various risk factors predisposing subjects to allergic rhinitis","volume":"33","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4168\/aard.2013.1.2.116","article-title":"Complete enumeration for the prevalence of allergic disease in udo isle\u2019s inhabitants","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.4168\/aard.2018.6.S1.S52","article-title":"Studies and proposals of childhood asthma in korea","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee (1998). Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: Isaac. The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (isaac) steering committee. Lancet, 351, 1225\u20131232.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07302-9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13063","article-title":"Patterns of allergic sensitization and atopic dermatitis from 1 to 3 years: Effects on allergic diseases","volume":"48","author":"Dharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2018.05.010","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of atopic dermatitis in 6\u20138 year-old first graders in taipei","volume":"60","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1945892418813822","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic rhinosinusitis in the elderly population of korea","volume":"28","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2018.02.004","article-title":"Environmental factors associated with allergic rhinitis symptoms in japanese university students: A cross-sectional study","volume":"45","author":"Nishijima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.9307","article-title":"Incidence of lower respiratory tract infections and atopic conditions in boys and young male adults: Royal college of general practitioners research and surveillance centre annual report 2015\u20132016","volume":"4","author":"Correa","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2016.8.4.338","article-title":"Age-related changes in immunological factors and their relevance in allergic disease development during childhood","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"912","article-title":"Positive allergens in children with different allergic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64804-0_2","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Disease background and risk factors","volume":"1027","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1159\/000490704","article-title":"The aaa risk factors scale: A new model to screen for the risk of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children","volume":"27","author":"Hallit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10858","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14565","article-title":"A prospective birth cohort study of different risk factors for development of allergic diseases in offspring of non-atopic parents","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-006-0047-y","article-title":"Gene by environment interaction in asthma","volume":"6","author":"Koppelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02622.x","article-title":"Allergic diseases, gene\u2013environment interactions","volume":"66","author":"Renz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12327","article-title":"Genetic risk factors for the development of allergic disease identified by genome-wide association","volume":"45","author":"Portelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.03.004","article-title":"Gender differences in inflammatory proteins and pathways in seasonal allergic rhinitis","volume":"42","author":"Barrenas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.07.019","article-title":"Filaggrin mutations and molluscum contagiosum skin infection in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"119","author":"Manti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.05.030","article-title":"Functional effects and gender association of cox-2 gene polymorphism g-765c in bronchial asthma","volume":"114","author":"Szczeklik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1086\/426697","article-title":"Sex-specific genetic architecture of whole blood serotonin levels","volume":"76","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/5\/131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:51:18Z","timestamp":1760187078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/5\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina55050131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55050131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]]}}}