{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:17:57Z","timestamp":1770887877906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: The pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) in children is not well elucidated. An inelastic filum terminale (FT) is the main factor underlying the stretching of the spinal cord in TCS. Our study aimed to investigate the expression of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in children and fetal FT samples in order to understand the relationship between this enzyme expression and the development of TCS. Materials and Methods: FT samples were obtained from ten children with TCS (Group 1) and histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. For comparison, FT samples from fifteen normal human fetuses (Group 2) were also analyzed using the same techniques. Statistical comparison was made using a Chi-square test. Results: Positive GST-sigma expression was detected in eight (80%) of 10 samples in Group 1. The positive GST-sigma expression was less frequent in nine (60%) of 15 samples from Group 2. No statistically significant difference was detected between the two groups (p = 0.197). Conclusions: Decreased FT elasticity in TCS may be associated with increased GST expression in FT. More prospective studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of the GST\u2013TCS relationship in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T11:00:57Z","timestamp":1557745257000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expression of Sigma-Class Glutathione-S-Transferase in Fetal and Pediatric Filum Terminale Samples: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Cahit","family":"Kural","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serpil","family":"Oguztuzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, K\u0131r\u0131kkale University, 71450 K\u0131r\u0131kkale, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7710-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcl\u00e7in G\u00fcler","family":"\u015eim\u015fek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences, Ke\u00e7i\u00f6ren Education and Research Hospital, 06000 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Servet","family":"Guresci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences, Numune Education and Research Hospital, 06230 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u0131nar","family":"Kayg\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, K\u0131r\u0131kkale University, 71450 K\u0131r\u0131kkale, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soner","family":"Yasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ozkan","family":"Tehli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Izci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000210224.54816.40","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of the filum terminale and its elastic fibers","volume":"58","author":"Fontes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2748-9","article-title":"Tethered cord syndrome in children: A single-center experience with 162 patients","volume":"31","author":"Geyik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"145","article-title":"The tethered spinal cord: Its protean manifestations, diagnosis and surgical correction","volume":"2","author":"Hoffman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Childs Brain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.4.0494","article-title":"Pathophysiology of \u201ctethered cord syndrome\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Yamada","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1179\/016164104225018027","article-title":"Pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome and other complex factors","volume":"26","author":"Yamada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"609","article-title":"Morphometric parameters and histological study of the filum terminale of adult human cadavers and MR images","volume":"77","author":"Nasr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Morphol. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200209000-00019","article-title":"Anatomic study of the filum terminale and its correlations with the tethered cord syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Pinto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.12.020","article-title":"The filum terminale internum and externum: A comprehensive review","volume":"40","author":"Saker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"516","article-title":"Tethered cord syndrome in childhood: special emphasis on the surgical technique and review of the literature with our experience","volume":"21","author":"Solmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.09.082","article-title":"Filum section for urinary incontinence in children with occult tethered cord syndrome: A randomized, controlled pilot study","volume":"195","author":"Steinbok","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.05.055","article-title":"Percutaneous fully endoscopic interlaminar approach to the filum terminale: A cadaveric study","volume":"92","author":"Tahta","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1159\/000338981","article-title":"A comparative study of histopathological analysis of filum terminale in patients with tethered cord syndrome and in normal human fetuses","volume":"47","author":"Tehli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.12.103","article-title":"The filum terminale: A cadaver study of anatomy, histology, and elastic properties","volume":"90","author":"Monea","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.PEDS13520","article-title":"Histological structure of filum terminale in human fetuses","volume":"13","author":"Kural","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2627-4","article-title":"Pathological evaluation of the filum terminale tissue after surgical excision","volume":"31","author":"Durdag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3123-1","article-title":"Histopathology of the filum terminale in children with and without tethered cord syndrome with attention to the elastic tissue within the filum","volume":"32","author":"Hendson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857","article-title":"Glutathione transferases","volume":"45","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(05)01001-3","article-title":"Nomenclature for mammalian soluble glutathione transferases","volume":"401","author":"Mannervik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannides, C. (2001). Glutathione S-transferases. Enzyme Systems that Metabolise Drugs and Other Xenobiotics, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846305"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00123","article-title":"Fibroblasts in fibrosis: Novel roles and mediators","volume":"5","author":"Kendall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206940","article-title":"Theroleof glutathione-S-transferase in anti-cancer drug resistance","volume":"22","author":"Townsend","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2011.560157","article-title":"Sigma-class glutathione transferases","volume":"43","author":"Flanagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"60","article-title":"Interaction of Omega, Sigma, and Theta glutathione transferases with p38b mitogen-activated protein kinase from the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"14","author":"Wongtrakul","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-05-02013.1993","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in rat brain neurons and glia","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3590507","article-title":"Mammalian class Sigma glutathione S-transferases: Catalytic properties and tissue-specific expression of human and rat GSH-dependent prostaglandin D2 synthases","volume":"359","author":"Jowsey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(91)90001-V","article-title":"Prostaglandin D2 metabolite stimulates collagen synthesis by human osteoblasts during calcification","volume":"41","author":"Tasaki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.12275FP","article-title":"Prostaglandin D2 inhibits collagen secretion from lung fibroblasts by activating the DP receptor","volume":"121","author":"Ayabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3837-3","article-title":"Mechanical relationship of filum terminaleexternum and filum terminaleinternum: Is it possible to detether the spinal cord extradurally?","volume":"34","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3600001","article-title":"Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: Implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily","volume":"360","author":"Sheehan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3109\/03602538808994138","article-title":"Intracellular binding and transport of hormones and xenobiotics by glutathione-S-transferases","volume":"19","author":"Listowsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2445","article-title":"Bilirubin, formed by activation of heme oxygenase-2, protects neurons against oxidative stress injury","volume":"96","author":"Takahashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Fonseca, R.R., Johnson, W.E., O\u2019Brien, S.J., Vasconcelos, V., and Antunes, A. (2010). Molecular evolution and the role of oxidative stress in the expansion and functional diversification of cytosolic glutathione transferases. BMC Evol. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-281"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.10.004","article-title":"Positioning prostanoids of the D and J series in the immunopathogenic scheme","volume":"102","author":"Herlong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)40239-1","article-title":"Mast cells contain spleen-type prostaglandin D synthetase","volume":"265","author":"Urade","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMillan, D.H., van der Velden, J.L., Lahue, K.G., Qian, X., Schneider, R.W., Iberg, M.S, Nolin, J.D., Abdalla, S., Casey, D.T., and Tew, K.D. (2016). Attenuation of lung fibrosis in mice with a clinically relevant inhibitor of glutathione-S-transferase \u03c0. JCI Insight, 1.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85717"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/5\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:51:33Z","timestamp":1760187093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/5\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina55050133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55050133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]}}}