{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:35:11Z","timestamp":1763037311177,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Bilateral facial paralysis is a rare and specific clinical manifestation of various neurological disorders. Bilateral facial paralysis has been reported as an essential feature of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) for many years. We aim to describe the incidence of bilateral facial paralysis and prognosis in our GBS patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients with GBS and bilateral facial paralysis who were treated at the In\u00f6n\u00fc University Medical Faculty was performed. Results: A total of 45 cases of GBS were reviewed. Four out of 45 patients (8.8%) had associated bilateral facial paralysis. Only one of the patients also had acute multiple cranial neuropathies. All patients experienced sudden deterioration and respiratory distress. In one of our patients who had multiple cranial neuropathies, serum antiganglioside antibody assay was performed, and anti-GQ1b IgG antibody positivity was observed. The cerebrospinal fluid had albuminocytological dissociation in all patients, and axonal involvement was present in nerve conduction studies (NCS). Three patients improved with immunotherapy; one patient died due to cardiac arrest after resistant hypotension. Conclusion: Bilateral facial paralysis is a rare condition in children. We wanted to emphasize bilateral facial involvement and poor prognosis in our GBS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T10:52:51Z","timestamp":1558435971000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Is Bilateral Facial Paralysis an Indicator of Respiratory Outcome in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Serdal","family":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"In\u00f6n\u00fc University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, 44060 Malatya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0884-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bet\u00fcl","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"In\u00f6n\u00fc University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, 44060 Malatya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199804000-00011","article-title":"Pediatric bilateral facial paralysis","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100108199","article-title":"Recurrent bilateral peripheral facial palsy","volume":"103","author":"Stahl","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"35","article-title":"Mask face: Bilateral simultaneous facial palsy in an 11-year-old boy","volume":"55","author":"Arslan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500308","article-title":"New concepts of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Asbury","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nrl.0000117821.35196.0b","article-title":"Variants and mimics of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.09.017","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Clinical variants and their pathogenesis","volume":"231","author":"Winer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5254-8","article-title":"A Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome variant with prominent facial diplegia","volume":"256","author":"Susuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000052111","article-title":"GBSConsensus Group of the Dutch Neuromuscular Research Support Centre. Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Meulstee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270707","article-title":"Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Asbury","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204233261706","article-title":"The Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"326","author":"Ropper","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.011","article-title":"Clinical Variants of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome in Children","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24887","article-title":"Isollated Facial Diplegia in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Bilateral Weakness with Paresthesias","volume":"52","author":"Wakerley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22043","article-title":"Multiple cranial neuropathy variant of Guillaine-Barre syndrome: A case series","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0492-9","article-title":"Acute isolated ophthalmoplegia with antiGQ1b antibodies","volume":"32","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.02.340","article-title":"Polyneuritis cranialis presenting with anti-GQ1b IgG antibody","volume":"281","author":"Edvardsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2014.10.2.94","article-title":"Prevalence of Anti-Ganglioside Antibodies and Their Clinical Correlates with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome in Korea: A Nationwide Multicenter Study","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/5\/177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:53:53Z","timestamp":1760187233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/5\/177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina55050177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55050177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]}}}