{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:20:57Z","timestamp":1767046857634,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NAPP Pharmaceuticals Limited","award":["EUdraCT Number 2007-006184-70"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EUdraCT Number 2007-006184-70"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Codeine requires biotransformation by the CYP2D6 enzyme, encoded by the polymorphic CYP2D6 gene, to morphine for therapeutic efficacy. CYP2D6 phenotypes of poor, intermediate, and ultra-rapid metabolisers are at risk of codeine non-response and adverse drug reactions due to altered CYP2D6 function. The aim of this study was to determine whether genotype, inferred phenotype, and urinary and oral fluid codeine O-demethylation metabolites could predict codeine non-response following a short course of codeine. Materials and Methods: There were 131 Caucasians with persistent pain enrolled. Baseline assessments were recorded, prohibited medications ceased, and DNA sampling completed before commencing codeine 30 mg QDS for 5 days. Day 4 urine samples were collected 1\u20132 h post morning dose for codeine O-demethylation metabolites analysis. Final pain assessments were conducted on day 5. Results: None of the poor, intermediate, ultra-rapid metabolisers and only 24.5% of normal metabolisers responded to codeine. A simple scoring system to predict analgesic response from day 4 urinary metabolites was devised with overall prediction success of 79% (sensitivity 0.8, specificity 0.78) for morphine and 79% (sensitivity 0.76, specificity 0.83) for morphine:creatinine ratio. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study provides tentative evidence that day 4 urinary codeine O-demethylation metabolites could predict non-response following a short course of codeine and could be utilised in the clinical assessment of codeine response at the point of care to improve analgesic efficacy and safety in codeine therapy. We offer a scoring system to predict codeine response from urinary morphine and urinary morphine:creatinine ratio collected on the morning of day 4 of codeine 30 mg QDS, but this requires validation before it could be considered for use to assess codeine response in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55060220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1559042289000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Single Site Population Study to Investigate CYP2D6 Phenotype of Patients with Persistent Non-Malignant Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7951-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Radford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pain Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen H.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark I.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pain Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Health and Social Care Information Centre (2013). 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