{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T22:20:45Z","timestamp":1781130045507,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy that primarily affects the small intestine and is characterized by atrophy of intestinal villi. The manifestations of the disease improve following a gluten-free diet (GFD). CD is associated with various extra-intestinal diseases. Several skin manifestations are described in CD patients. The present paper reviews all CD-associated skin diseases reported in the literature and tries to analyze the pathogenic mechanisms possibly involved in these associations. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the possible mechanisms involved in every association between CD and cutaneous manifestations. An abnormal small intestinal permeability seems to be implicated in various dermatological manifestations. However, most of the associations between CD and cutaneous diseases is based on case reports and case series and a few controlled studies. To better assess the real involvement of the cutaneous district in CD patients, large multicentric controlled clinical trials are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55090578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T11:26:17Z","timestamp":1568028377000},"page":"578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Skin in Celiac Disease Patients: The Other Side of the Coin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Abenavoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Physiopathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Dastoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Bennardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Boccuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA"},{"name":"Clemson University School of Health Research, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Passante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit \u201cDaniele Innocenzi\u201d, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04110 Terracina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit \u201cDaniele Innocenzi\u201d, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04110 Terracina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Luzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Physiopathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven Paul","family":"Nistic\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31796-8","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"391","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9730","article-title":"Celiac disease and nonceliac gluten sensitivity: A review","volume":"318","author":"Leonard","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.09.46","article-title":"Celiac disease: From gluten to skin","volume":"5","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i6.843","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations in celiac disease","volume":"12","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.09.001","article-title":"Celiac disease: Clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Hujoel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2019, May 31). OCEBM Levels of Evidence. Available online: https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/?o=1025."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12748","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12748","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers induced pemphigus: A case series and literature review","volume":"32","author":"Palleria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"585","article-title":"Epilepsy, pemphigus and celiac disease: An exceptional association","volume":"92","author":"Labidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tunis Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550410022258","article-title":"Pemphigus improving with gluten-free diet","volume":"85","author":"Drago","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S69127","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis","volume":"13","author":"Antiga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.974204","article-title":"Celiac disease evolving into dermatitis herpetiformis in patients adhering to normal or gluten-free diet","volume":"50","author":"Salmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08629.x","article-title":"Elevation of IgA anti-epidermal transglutaminase antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis","volume":"159","author":"Hull","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reunala, T., Salmi, T.T., Hervonen, K., Kaukinen, K., and Collin, P. (2018). Dermatitis herpetiformis: A common extraintestinal manifestation of coeliac disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050602"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0","article-title":"European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease","volume":"54","author":"Husby","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20131775","article-title":"Review: Dermatitis herpetiformis","volume":"88","author":"Mendes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03897.x","article-title":"Linear IgA bullous dermatosis responsive to a gluten-free diet","volume":"96","author":"Egan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2158","article-title":"Does urticaria risk increase in patients with celiac disease? A large population-based cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02815.x","article-title":"Human leucocyte antigen class II associations in chronic idiopathic urticaria","volume":"140","author":"Francis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, L., Beteta-Gorriti, V., Alvarez, N., De Castro, C.G., De Dios, A., Palacios, L., and Santos-Juanes, J. (2018). Cutaneous and mucosal manifestations associated with celiac disease. Nutrients, 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0158.v1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60580-7","article-title":"Oedema: A current state-of-the-art review, III: Mechanisms of hereditary angioedema","volume":"100","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06059.x","article-title":"Association of celiac disease and hereditary angioneurotic edema","volume":"97","author":"Farkas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S86293","article-title":"Diagnosis and screening of patients with hereditary angioedema in primary care","volume":"12","author":"Henao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64804-0_3","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Pathophysiology","volume":"1027","author":"Boothe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12372","article-title":"Celiac disease in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"31","author":"Ress","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200809020-00001","article-title":"Clinical approach to cutaneous vasculitis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Baigrie, D., and Crane, J.S. (2018). Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis (Hypersensitivity Vasculitis), StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.22.1.61","article-title":"Cutaneous vasculitis complicating coeliac disease","volume":"22","author":"Meyers","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952753","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/952753","article-title":"Celiac disease and dermatologic manifestations: Many skin clue to unfold gluten-sensitive enteropathy","volume":"2012","author":"Caproni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12811","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12811","article-title":"Anti interleukin 12\/23 in the treatment of erythema nodosum and Crohn disease: A case report","volume":"32","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fretzayas, A., Moustaki, M., Liapi, O., and Nicolaidou, P. (2011). Erythema nodosum in a child with celiac disease. Case Rep. Pediatr., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/935153"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00451.x","article-title":"Evidence of gastrointestinal immunoreactivity in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"245","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12566","article-title":"Erythema elevatum diutinum: A review of presentation and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Momen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1993.tb00036.x","article-title":"Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with celiac disease: Response to a gluten-free diet","volume":"10","author":"Fortea","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.d01-1250.x","article-title":"Erythema elevatum diutinum in association with coeliac disease","volume":"136","author":"Tasanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.01.012","article-title":"A rare but revealing sign: Necrolytic migratory erythema","volume":"126","author":"Compton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02646","article-title":"Glucagonoma with necrolytic migratory erythema: Metabolic profile and detection of biallelic inactivation of DAXX gene","volume":"103","author":"Tamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0804a04","article-title":"Potential applications of topical oxygen therapy in dermatology","volume":"8","author":"Bennardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12728","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12728","article-title":"Update of calcineurin inhibitors to treat inverse psoriasis: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Dattola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.04.039","article-title":"The association of psoriasis with autoimmune diseases","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.017","article-title":"Diet and psoriasis, part II: Celiac disease and role of a gluten-free diet","volume":"71","author":"Bhatia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2467","article-title":"Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity","volume":"44","author":"Tsoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2012.22","article-title":"Tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes analysis reveals large modifications of the duodenal \u201cimmunological niche\u201d in coeliac disease after gluten-free diet","volume":"3","author":"Cianci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000369615","article-title":"Association between coeliac disease and psoriasis: Italian primary care multicentre study","volume":"230","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"pii:F1000 Faculty Rev-2234","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding vitiligo","volume":"5","author":"Magna","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2004.00130.x","article-title":"On the etiology of contact\/occupational vitiligo","volume":"17","author":"Boissy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00997.x","article-title":"Revised classification\/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: The Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference","volume":"25","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"200","article-title":"Vitiligo and autoantibodies of celiac disease","volume":"4","author":"Shahmoradi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1173-3","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease and celiac disease: A rare association or a possible link?","volume":"30","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000116775","article-title":"Intestinal malabsorption and skin diseases","volume":"26","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181ac9942","article-title":"The association between celiac disease, dental enamel defects, and aphthous ulcers in a United States cohort","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-0955-y","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease associated with celiac disease: A very rare association","volume":"30","author":"Caldas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.07.001","article-title":"Enamel defects and aphthous stomatitis in celiac and healthy subjects: Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies","volume":"65","author":"Nieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318074dd98","article-title":"Oral manifestations of celiac disease","volume":"42","author":"Pastore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-014-1288-0","article-title":"Increased prevalence of celiac disease in patients with oral lichen planus","volume":"19","author":"Cigic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04054.x","article-title":"Hidden coeliac disease in patients suffering from oral lichen planus","volume":"26","author":"Compilato","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2018.07.006","article-title":"Connective tissue disease: Current Concepts","volume":"37","author":"Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/574074","article-title":"Dermatomyositis associated with celiac disease: Response to a gluten-free diet","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-011-0166-x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of dermatomyositis: Role of cytokines and interferon","volume":"13","author":"Kao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14368-1","article-title":"Polymyositis and dermatomyositis","volume":"362","author":"Dalakas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06144.x","article-title":"Infiltrating cells, related cytokines and chemokine receptors in lesional skin of patients with dermatomyositis","volume":"151","author":"Caproni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283317b31","article-title":"Role of cytokines and chemokines in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"21","author":"Creus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"153","article-title":"Juvenile dermatomyositis and celiac disease. A rare association","volume":"16","author":"Torma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"201","article-title":"An uncommon association: Celiac disease and dermatomyositis in adults","volume":"19","author":"Marie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"757","article-title":"Dermatomyositis and celiac disease association: A further case","volume":"19","author":"Iannone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Porphyria diagnostics-part 1: A brief overview of the porphyrias","volume":"86","author":"Ramanujam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds531","article-title":"Molecular and functional analysis of the C-terminal region of human erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinic synthase associated with X-linked dominant protoporphyria (XLDPP)","volume":"22","author":"Ducamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Anderson, K.E. (2014). Handbook of Porphyrin Science with Applications in Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science, Engineering, Biology, and Medicine, Vol. 29: Porphyrias and Sideroblastic Anemias, World Scientific Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010600206867","article-title":"Celiac disease in patients with variegate porphyria","volume":"46","author":"Twaddle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms and celiac disease","volume":"10","author":"Gmitrowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17011","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.11","article-title":"Alopecia areata","volume":"3","author":"Pratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15995","article-title":"Disappearance of epidermal transglutaminase and IgA deposits from the papillary dermis of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis after a long-term gluten-free diet","volume":"178","author":"Hietikko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700973","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles are associated with risk of alopecia areata","volume":"128","author":"Barahmani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5966","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6966","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis in alopecia areata resolves HLA associations and reveals two new susceptibility loci","volume":"6","author":"Betz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01811.x","article-title":"Gene array profiling and immunomodulation studies define a cell mediated immune response underlying the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in a mouse model and humans","volume":"119","author":"Carroll","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"397","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of alopecia areata: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fricke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"738","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-gliadin antibody in patients with alopecia areata: A case-control study","volume":"68","author":"Hallaji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tehran Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304010-00002","article-title":"Recognition and management of the cutaneous manifestations of Celiac disease","volume":"4","author":"Collin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70466-X","article-title":"Celiac disease-associated alopecia in childhood","volume":"134","author":"Naveh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.190607","article-title":"The frequency distribution of celiac autoantibodies in alopecia areata","volume":"7","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1506630","article-title":"Rosacea","volume":"377","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.53","article-title":"Assessment of the genetic basis of rosacea by genome-wide association study","volume":"135","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14930","article-title":"Rosacea and gastrointestinal disorders: A population-based cohort study","volume":"176","author":"Egeberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(05)73112-4","article-title":"Acquired paraneoplastic hypertrichosis lanuginose","volume":"96","author":"Yuste","year":"2005","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"611","article-title":"Ipertricosi lanuginosa acquisita associata a sindrome celiaca","volume":"123","author":"Corazza","year":"1988","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.06.021","article-title":"Pathophysiology of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG): An updated review","volume":"73","author":"Braswell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"203","article-title":"Disease-related and drug-induced skin manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Hindryckx","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2014.14053","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A descriptive cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Weizman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12352","article-title":"Predictive factors for erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Ampuero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedda, S., Caruso, R., and Marafini, I. (2013). Pyoderma gangrenosum in refractory celiac disease: A case report. BMC Gastroenterol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-162"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-010-2018-4","article-title":"Clinical presentation and etiology of ichthyoses. Overview of the new nomenclature and classification","volume":"61","author":"Oji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"398","article-title":"Ichthyosis revealing coeliac disease","volume":"10","author":"Menni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"268","article-title":"Celiac disease and lamellar ichthyosis. Case study analysis and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Nenna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.10.010","article-title":"Pellagra","volume":"54","author":"Bortolato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"71","article-title":"Coeliac disease with a conditioned vitamin deficiency resembling, but not typical of Pellagra","volume":"31","author":"Lightwood","year":"1937","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"15","article-title":"70-year-old man with isolated weight loss and a pellagra-like syndrome due to celiac disease","volume":"72","author":"Schattner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2014.06.010","article-title":"Acquired cutis laxa: Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"67","author":"Paulsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842-e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.01.004","article-title":"Cutis laxa: A review","volume":"66","author":"Berk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03625.x","article-title":"Generalized acquired cutis laxa ssociated with coeliac disease: Evidence of immunoglobulin A deposits on the dermal elastic fibers","volume":"135","author":"Pujol","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.194","article-title":"Incidence of malignancies in diagnosed celiac patients: A population-based estimate","volume":"109","author":"Ilus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00820.x","article-title":"Dermatitis herpetiformis and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"26","author":"Porter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/9\/578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:18:07Z","timestamp":1760188687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/55\/9\/578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina55090578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55090578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]}}}