{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:38:11Z","timestamp":1790861891582,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":[", FIS PI14\/00715, FIS PI17\/01962, PFIS FI18\/00179, RTA RD16\/0017\/0003 and RD16\/0017\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":[", FIS PI14\/00715, FIS PI17\/01962, PFIS FI18\/00179, RTA RD16\/0017\/0003 and RD16\/0017\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003751","name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015I054, 2019I010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015I054, 2019I010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017 SGR 316, 2017 SGR 530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 316, 2017 SGR 530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objective: Changes in cannabis legalization regimes in several countries have influenced the diversification of cannabis use. There is an ever-increasing number of cannabis forms available, which are gaining popularity for both recreational and therapeutic use. From a therapeutic perspective, oral cannabis containing \u0394-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is a promising route of administration but there is still little information about its pharmacokinetics (PK) effects in humans. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a general overview of the available PK data on cannabis and THC after oral administration. Materials and Methods: A search of the published literature was conducted using the PubMed database to collect available articles describing the PK data of THC after oral administration in humans. Results: The literature search yielded 363 results, 26 of which met our inclusion criteria. The PK of oral THC has been studied using capsules (including oil content), tablets, baked goods (brownies and cookies), and oil and tea (decoctions). Capsules and tablets, which mainly correspond to pharmaceutical forms, were found to be the oral formulations most commonly studied. Overall, the results reflect the high variability in the THC absorption of oral formulations, with delayed peak plasma concentrations compared to other routes of administration. Conclusions: Oral THC has a highly variable PK profile that differs between formulations, with seemingly higher variability in baked goods and oil forms. Overall, there is limited information available in this field. Therefore, further investigations are required to unravel the unpredictability of oral THC administration to increase the effectiveness and safety of oral formulations in medicinal use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56060309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T09:05:33Z","timestamp":1592903133000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Oral Administration of Cannabis and \u0394-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Preparations: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4641-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Poyatos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Pilar","family":"P\u00e9rez-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Papaseit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ma\u00f1\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Hladun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Siles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Torrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"},{"name":"Drug Addiction Program, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria, Parc de Salut Mar and Institut Hospital del Mar de Recerca M\u00e8dica (PSMAR-IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Busardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mag\u00ed","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2020, April 05). 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