{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:17:46Z","timestamp":1789507066650,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Over the last years, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported on a high incidence in pediatric populations and has been associated with numerous extraintestinal manifestations, making its management a real challenge for the pediatric gastroenterologist. Dermatological manifestations in IBD are either specific, related to the disease activity or treatment-associated, or non-specific. This literature review aims to identify and report the dermatological manifestations of IBD in children, the correlation between their appearance and the demographical characteristics, the relationship between these lesions and disease activity, and to highlight the impact of dermatological manifestations on an IBD treatment regime. Materials and Methods: A systemic literature review was performed, investigating articles and case reports on dermatological manifestations in children with IBD starting from 2005. A total of 159 potentially suitable articles were identified and after the exclusion process, 75 articles were selected. Results: The most common dermatological manifestations reported in pediatric IBD are erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum. More rare cases of metastatic Crohn\u2019s disease, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, small-vessel vasculitis, necrotizing vasculitis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, and Sweet\u2019s syndrome have been reported. Oral manifestations of IBD are divided into specific (tag-like lesions, mucogingivitis, lip swelling with vertical fissures, aphthous stomatitis, and pyostomatitis vegetans) and non-specific. IBD treatment may present with side effects involving the skin and mucosa. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents have been linked to opportunistic skin infections, psoriasiform lesions, and a potentially increased risk for skin cancer. Cutaneous manifestations such as acrodermatitis enteropathica, purpuric lesions, and angular cheilitis may appear secondary to malnutrition and\/or malabsorption. Conclusions: The correct diagnosis of dermatological manifestations in pediatric IBD is of paramount importance because of their impact on disease activity, treatment options, and a patient\u2019s psychological status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56090425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1598218086000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dermatological Manifestations in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Smaranda","family":"Diaconescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, \u201cSt. Mary\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Strat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, \u201cSt. Mary\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9789-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe G.","family":"Balan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1394-8648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Stefanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Ioniuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cSt. Mary\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4807-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Alexandra","family":"Stanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002035","article-title":"Management of Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis, Part 1: Ambulatory Care\u2014An Evidence-based Guideline from European Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Organization and European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition","volume":"67","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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