{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1783335762741,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between neurological outcomes at 3- and 6-months corrected age with the neurodevelopmental outcome at 3 years of age; to identify the perinatal\/neonatal risk factors for poor neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years of age. Materials and methods: In our single-centre longitudinal cohort study, of the 73 consecutive infants admitted to our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), 49 infants (80%) received both Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) at 3- and 6-months corrected age and Bayley\u2013III neurodevelopmental assessment at 2\u20133 years chronological age. At 3 months follow up, 8.2% had suboptimal scores (below 10th percentile) on the HINE. At 6 months follow up, 4.1% had suboptimal scores (below 10th percentile) on the HINE. The means(\u00b1SD) for Bayley-III cognitive, language, and motor subscales were (96.3 \u00b1 9.8), (99.9 \u00b1 11.9), (93.2 \u00b1 9.9). Results: At 3 months corrected age, higher total HINE scores and subscores for function of cranial nerves, posture, tone, were associated with better cognitive scores while poorer scores for function of cranial nerves, posture, movements, tone, and total HINE score were associated with lower motor scores. Infants with a HINE subscore of function of cranial nerves in the suboptimal range have three times higher odds of having a motor delay. Infants with a HINE subscore of function of cranial nerves in the suboptimal range have more than two times higher odds of having a language delay. At 6 months corrected age, poorer scores for function of cranial nerves, movements, tone, reflexes, and total HINE score were associated with worse Bayley-III motor scores whilst infants who have a total HINE score and a subscore of reflexes in the suboptimal range have four and seven times, respectively, higher odds of having a motor delay. Conclusions: Early identification of infants at risk for adverse long-term outcomes is essential in introducing early intervention therapies for optimizing neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56120649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1606381455000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants at 2\u20133 Years of Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Kyriakidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy Department, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Neonatology Department, Aristotle University, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Chatziioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Neonatology Department, Aristotle University, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9796-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Mitsiakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Neonatology Department, Aristotle University, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2095-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Lampropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 25100 Aigio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0074-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Pouliakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/17.8.443","article-title":"Counselling and management for anticipated extremely preterm birth","volume":"17","author":"Jefferies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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