{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:25:38Z","timestamp":1760239538909,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Duodenal lymphocytosis (DL) is a condition characterized by enhanced infiltration of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the duodenal mucosa, and it can be linked to both gluten- and non-gluten-related diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Materials and methods: We retrospectively selected patients with DL linked to IBS. Formalin-embedded biopsy samples of the duodenum were collected. CD3 lymphocyte immunohistochemistry was used for IELs. The real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the amount of mRNA coding for tissue transglutaminase 2 (tTG2), interferon-gamma (IFN\u03b3), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88). All subjects underwent DQ2-8 haplotype analysis. Controls were represented by subjects with IBS without DL. Results: Thirty-two patients with IBS-DL were retrospectively recruited. Fourteen subjects (43.8%) had a DQ2-8 haplotype. DQ2-8 positive subjects had similar levels compared to negative ones for tTG2, IFN\u03b3, TLR2, and MyD88. Cigarette smoke did not influence molecular expression in our study. Smokers had a statistically higher IELs count than non-smokers (54.2 \u00b1 7.7 vs. 36.0 \u00b1 8.8, p &lt; 0.001). A significant, direct correlation between IELs and duodenal expression of IFN\u03b3 was found (r = 0.36, p = 0.04). Conclusions: IBS with DL showed higher expression of inflammatory markers than controls, but DQ2-8 haplotype did not seem to affect their expression. Smoking might increase IELs infiltration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56120660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1606683657000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Haplotype Does Not Influence the Inflammatory Pattern of Duodenal Lymphocytosis Linked to Irritable Bowel Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7038-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Losurdo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Course in Organs and Tissues Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Todeschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Piscitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Giangaspero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7275-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Ierardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Di Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University \u201cAldo Moro\u201d of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0261-RA","article-title":"The clinical significance of duodenal lymphocytosis with normal villus architecture","volume":"137","author":"Hammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. 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