{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T07:55:07Z","timestamp":1794383707733,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the fourth most frequent tumor in Western countries and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), affecting pyelocaliceal cavities and ureter, accounts for 5\u201310% of all UCs. Computed tomography urography (CTU) is now considered the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis and staging of UTUC, guiding disease management. Although its specificity is very high, both benign and malignant diseases could mimic UTUCs and therefore have to be well-known to avoid misdiagnosis. We describe CTU findings of upper urinary tract carcinoma, features that influence disease management, and possible differential diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56120705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T10:42:47Z","timestamp":1608201767000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["CT Urography Findings of Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma and Its Mimickers: A Pictorial Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Martingano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASUGI, Cattinara Hospital, 34139 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco F. M.","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASUGI, Maggiore Hospital, 34129 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7344-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro M.","family":"Bozzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Trieste, ASUGI, Cattinara Hospital, 34139 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1061-9507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Baratella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Trieste, ASUGI, Cattinara Hospital, 34139 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Cova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Trieste, ASUGI, Cattinara Hospital, 34139 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-016-1928-x","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC)","volume":"35","author":"Shariat","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"62","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2020 Update","volume":"79","author":"Babjuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02875-8","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of multidetector computed tomographic (MDCTU) in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Janisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-013-0955-6","article-title":"Magnetic resonance urography vs computed tomography urography in the evaluation of patients with haematuria","volume":"118","author":"Martingano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4","article-title":"CT urography: Definition, indications and techniques. A guideline for clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Cowan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"709","article-title":"CT Urography for Evaluation of the Ureter","volume":"35","author":"Potenta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiogr. Rev. Publ. Radiol. Soc. N. Am. Inc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"S35","article-title":"CT Urography","volume":"24","author":"Kawashima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiogr. Rev. Publ. Radiol. Soc. N. Am. Inc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-016-0695-x","article-title":"CT urography in evaluation of urothelial tumors of the kidney","volume":"41","author":"Caoili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02111-2","article-title":"CT urography: How to optimize the technique","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2502080534","article-title":"What Is the Current Role of CT Urography and MR Urography in the Evaluation of the Urinary Tract?","volume":"250","author":"Silverman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02108-x","article-title":"Benign diseases of the urinary tract at CT and CT urography","volume":"44","author":"Shampain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-011-0623-z","article-title":"64-Slice CT urography: Optimisation of radiation dose","volume":"116","author":"Martingano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02173-2","article-title":"Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma on multidetector CT: Spectrum of disease","volume":"44","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.256045517","article-title":"Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract: Spectrum of Imaging Findings","volume":"25","author":"Browne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3649","article-title":"Transitional Cell Neoplasm of the Upper Urinary Tract: Evaluation with MDCT","volume":"191","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalla-Palma, L., and Mucelli, R.P. (1991). Malignant Renal Neoplasms. Radiation Therapy of Benign Diseases, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84189-7_10"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.306105501","article-title":"Urothelial Cancer of the Renal Pelvicaliceal System: Unusual Imaging Manifestations 1","volume":"30","author":"Prando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.18.1.9460113","article-title":"Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation","volume":"18","author":"Wagner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.167.2.3357947","article-title":"Calcified transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis","volume":"167","author":"Dinsmore","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaia, E., Martingano, P., Cavallaro, M., Premm, M., and Angileri, R. (2014). Normal Radiological Anatomy and Anatomical Variants of the Kidney. Radiation Therapy of Benign Diseases, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54047-9_2"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.24si045509","article-title":"Classic Signs in Uroradiology","volume":"24","author":"Dyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-0078-0","article-title":"Multiphasic multidetector-row CT (MDCT) in detection and staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract","volume":"16","author":"Fritz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrex.2008.09.003","article-title":"Hypertrophic renal papillae mimicking urothelial tumor","volume":"69","author":"Cansever","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol. Extra"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160089","article-title":"Renal Papillary and Calyceal Lesions at CT Urography: Genitourinary Imaging","volume":"37","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6474","article-title":"Spontaneous Suburothelial Hemorrhage in Coagulopathic Patients: CT Diagnosis","volume":"197","author":"Gayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1444-5","article-title":"Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of peripelvic and periureteric pathologies","volume":"43","author":"Gumeler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-008-9418-2","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of upper urinary tract vs. benign lesions: Distinctive MSCT features","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Abdom. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W1083","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6623","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging in Ureteric and Periureteric Pathologic Abnormalities","volume":"197","author":"Wasnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02086-0","article-title":"What a difference a delay makes! CT urogram: A pictorial essay","volume":"44","author":"Noorbakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1129-0","article-title":"Multidetector CT urography in urogenital tuberculosis: Use of reformatted images for the assessment of the radiological findings. A pictorial essay","volume":"42","author":"Gaudiano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.1.01840143","article-title":"Genitourinary Tuberculosis: Comprehensive Cross-Sectional Imaging","volume":"184","author":"Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.323115004","article-title":"AIRP Best Cases in Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation: Genitourinary Tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.2577","article-title":"Imaging and Staging of Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Part 2, Upper Urinary Tract","volume":"192","author":"Vikram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.264055125","article-title":"Imaging of Renal Lymphoma: Patterns of Disease with Pathologic Correlation","volume":"26","author":"Sheth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W712","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.10669","article-title":"Imaging of Primary and Secondary Renal Lymphoma","volume":"201","author":"Ganeshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/56\/12\/705\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:35Z","timestamp":1760179595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/56\/12\/705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina56120705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina56120705","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]}}}