{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:28:15Z","timestamp":1790468895143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most burdensome psychiatric illnesses, being associated with a negative long-term outcome and the highest suicide rate. Although affective temperaments can impact on BD long-term outcome, their role remains poorly investigated. The aims of the present study are to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with BD more frequently associated with the different affective temperaments and to assess the relation between affective temperaments and severity of clinical picture in a sample of patients with BD. Materials and Methods: A total of 199 patients have been recruited in the outpatients units of two university sites. Patients\u2019 psychiatric symptoms, affective temperaments, and quality of life were investigated through validated assessment instruments. Results: Predominant cyclothymic and irritable temperaments are associated to higher number of relapses, poorer quality of life, higher rates of aggressive behaviors, and suicide attempts. Conversely, the predominant hyperthymic disposition was a protective factor for several outcome measures, including relapse rate, severity of anxiety, depressive and manic symptoms, suicidality, and earlier age at onset. One limitation of the present study is that the recruitment took place in two university sites; therefore, our findings cannot be fully generalized to the whole community of BD patients. Other limitations are the lack of a control group and the cross-sectional design of the study. Conclusions: The early identification of affective temperaments can help clinicians to identify those BD patients who are more likely to show a poor long-term outcome. An early screening of affective temperaments can be useful to develop targeted integrated pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57010054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T21:21:45Z","timestamp":1610313705000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4338-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Luciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7077-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Luca","family":"Steardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Sampogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Caivano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ciampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arcangelo","family":"Di Cerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Giallonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Zinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"De Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania \u201cL. 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