{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:47:02Z","timestamp":1794008822668,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beta-blockers are a class of drugs with important benefits in cardiovascular pathology. In this paper, we aim to highlight their adverse and therapeutic effects in the neuropsychiatric field. With respect to permeability, we would like to mention that most beta-blockers are lipophilic and can cross the blood\u2013brain barrier. Observational studies show the presence of neuropsychiatric side effects when taking beta-blockers, and is the reason for which caution is recommended in their use in patients with depressive syndrome. From a therapeutic point of view, most current evidence is for the use of beta-blockers in migraine attacks, essential tremor, and akathisia. Beta-blockers appear to be effective in the treatment of aggressive behavior, beneficial in the prevention of posttraumatic stress syndrome and may play a role in the adjuvant treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, which is refractory to standard therapy. In conclusion, the relationship between beta-blockers and the central nervous system appears as a two-sided coin. Summarizing the neuropsychiatric side effects of beta-blockers, we suggest that clinicians pay special attention to the pharmacological properties of different beta-blockers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57020155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T23:38:44Z","timestamp":1613173124000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9964-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina Alexandra","family":"Cojocariu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street nr 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ma\u0219taleru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street nr 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital\u2013Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Clinic, Pantelimon Halipa Street nr 14, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu Andy","family":"Sasc\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street nr 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Disease \u201cProf. Dr. George. 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Georgescu\u201d, Carol I Boulevard nr 50, 700503 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1801-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Mitu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street nr 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital\u2013Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Clinic, Pantelimon Halipa Street nr 14, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Magdalena","family":"Leon-Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street nr 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital\u2013Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Clinic, Pantelimon Halipa Street nr 14, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(90)90092-G","article-title":"Beta-blockers and central nervous system side effects","volume":"46","author":"McAinsh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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