{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:12:31Z","timestamp":1793747551684,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Brain arteriovenous malformations AVMs have been consistently regarded as congenital malformations of the cerebral vasculature. However, recent case reports describing \u201cde novo AVMs\u201d have sparked a growing debate on the nature of these lesions. Materials and Methods: We have performed a systematic review of the literature concerning de novo AVMs utilizing the PubMed and Google Academic databases. Termes used in the search were \u201cAVM,\u201d \u201carteriovenous,\u201d \u201cde novo,\u201d and \u201cacquired,\u201d in all possible combinations. Results: 53 articles including a total of 58 patients harboring allegedly acquired AVMs were identified by researching the literature. Of these, 32 were male (55.17%), and 25 were female (43.10%). Mean age at de novo AVM diagnosis was 27.833 years (standard deviation (SD) of 21.215 years and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 22.3 to 33.3). Most de novo AVMs were managed via microsurgical resection (20 out of 58, 34.48%), followed by radiosurgery and conservative treatment for 11 patients (18.97%) each, endovascular embolization combined with resection for five patients (8.62%), and embolization alone for three (5.17%), the remaining eight cases (13.79%) having an unspecified therapy. Conclusions: Increasing evidence suggests that some of the AVMs discovered develop some time after birth. We are still a long way from finally elucidating their true nature, though there is reason to believe that they can also appear after birth. Thus, we reason that the de novo AVMs are the result of a \u2018second hit\u2019 of a variable type, such as a previous intracranial hemorrhage or vascular pathology. The congenital or acquired characteristic of AVMs may have a tremendous impact on prognosis, risk of hemorrhage, and short and long-term management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["\u2018De Novo\u2019 Brain AVMs\u2014Hypotheses for Development and a Systematic Review of Reported Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7730-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan","family":"Florian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurosurgery, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lehel","family":"Beni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurosurgery, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Moisoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurosurgery, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4776-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Timis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioan","family":"Florian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurosurgery, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Bala\u0219a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurosurgery, T\u00eergu Mure\u0219 County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 T\u00eergu Mure\u0219, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, T\u00eergu Mure\u0219 University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 T\u00eergu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5828-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"Berindan-Neagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine, Institute of Doctoral Studies, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kandasamy, R. (2019). Prognostic Factors in the Neurosurgical Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Symposia 2018 Proceeding Book, Editografica."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"402","article-title":"Arterio-venous Mallformations","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Popescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tratat de Chirurgie"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Florian, I.S., and Perju-Dumbrav\u0103, L. (2007). Therapeutic Options in Hemorrhagic Strokes, Editura Medical\u0103 Universitar\u0103, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalb, S., Gross, B.A., and Nakaji, P. (2018). 20-Vascular Malformations (Arteriovenous Malformations and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas). Principles of Neurological Surgery, Content Repository Only. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-43140-8.00020-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2018.1478060","article-title":"De novo intracerebral arteriovenous malformations and a review of the theories of their formation","volume":"32","author":"Dalton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14234","article-title":"Are parenchymal AVMs congenital lesions?","volume":"37","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.11.001","article-title":"Arteriovenous Malformations: Congenital or Acquired Lesions?","volume":"134","author":"Tasiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.097","article-title":"Deep Sequencing of Small RNAs in Blood of Patients with Brain Arteriovenous Malformations","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25015","article-title":"MicroRNA-137 and microRNA-195* inhibit vasculogenesis in brain arteriovenous malformations","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312272","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of sporadic brain arteriovenous malformations","volume":"87","author":"Weinsheimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0696-189","article-title":"Mutations in the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1294-345","article-title":"Endoglin, a TGF-beta binding protein of endothelial cells, is the gene for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1","volume":"8","author":"Mcallister","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15732-2","article-title":"A combined syndrome of juvenile polyposis and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia associated with mutations in MADH4 (SMAD4)","volume":"363","author":"Gallione","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303984","article-title":"Common and distinctive pathogenetic features of arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 1 and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 2 animal models--brief report","volume":"34","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3487","article-title":"Real-time imaging of de novo arteriovenous malformation in a mouse model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia","volume":"119","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-014-9436-3","article-title":"VEGF neutralization can prevent and normalize arteriovenous malformations in an animal model for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 2","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bameri, O., Salarzaei, M., and Parooie, F. (2021). KRAS\/BRAF mutations in brain arteriovenous malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Interv. Neuroradiol.","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019920982810"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goss, J.A., Huang, A.Y., Smith, E., Konczyk, D.J., Smits, P.J., Sudduth, C.L., Stapleton, C., Patel, A., Alexandrescu, S., and Warman, M.L. (2019). Somatic mutations in intracranial arteriovenous malformations. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226852"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.04.004","article-title":"Activating KRAS mutations in arteriovenous malformations of the brain: Frequency and clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"89","author":"Priemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000182253.91167.fa","article-title":"Polymorphisms in transforming growth factor-beta-related genes ALK1 and ENG are associated with sporadic brain arteriovenous malformations","volume":"36","author":"Pawlikowska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.6.945","article-title":"Association of a polymorphism of the ACVRL1 gene with sporadic arteriovenous malformations of the central nervous system","volume":"104","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000185609","article-title":"Common variants in interleukin-1-Beta gene are associated with intracranial hemorrhage and susceptibility to brain arteriovenous malformation","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.08.025","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor A gene and susceptibility to sporadic brain arteriovenous malformation in a Chinese population","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.09.062","article-title":"Development of De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation Following Ischemic Stroke: Case Report and Review of Current Literature","volume":"96","author":"Pabaney","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.02.226","article-title":"De Novo Development of a Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"126","author":"Dogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.03.033","article-title":"Left Thalamus Arteriovenous Malformation Secondary to Radiation Therapy of Original Vermian Arteriovenous Malformation: Case Report","volume":"28","author":"Koch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-018-3668-8","article-title":"De novo brain arteriovenous malformation after tumor resection: Case report and literature review","volume":"160","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.03.109","article-title":"De Novo Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation-Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"138","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.4.0726","article-title":"De novo presentation of an arteriovenous malformation. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"102","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.12.006","article-title":"Management of unbled brain arteriovenous malformation study","volume":"33","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"498","article-title":"Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain","volume":"377","author":"Solomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"384","article-title":"Postnatal growth and development of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation on serial magnetic resonance imaging in a child with hemangiomatosis. Case report","volume":"106","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.8.980","article-title":"Do cerebral arteriovenous malformations increase in size?","volume":"50","author":"Mendelow","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.3.470","article-title":"Growth and regression of arteriovenous malformations in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Case report","volume":"106","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2609-y","article-title":"Pediatric de novo cerebral AVM: Report of two cases and review of literature","volume":"31","author":"Yeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.05.035","article-title":"De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation: Pink Floyd\u2019s song \u201cBrick in the Wall\u201d as a warning sign","volume":"43","author":"Ozsarac","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2000.11740703","article-title":"Acquired cerebral arteriovenous malformation induced by an anaplastic astrocytoma: An interesting case","volume":"22","author":"Harris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1098","article-title":"De novo formation of large arteriovenous shunting and a vascular nidus mimicking an arteriovenous malformation within an anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Treatment with embolization and resection","volume":"109","author":"Mckinney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0227-z","article-title":"De novo arteriovenous malformations: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Mahajan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"228","article-title":"Symptomatic de novo arteriovenous malformation appearing 17 years after the resection of two other arteriovenous malformations in childhood: Case report","volume":"52","author":"Akimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.11.156","article-title":"Ectopic Recurrence of Arteriovenous Malformation After Radiosurgery: Case Report and Insight Regarding Pathogenesis","volume":"135","author":"Kawashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199808000-00103","article-title":"The pathogenesis of arteriovenous malformations: Insights provided by a case of multiple arteriovenous malformations developing in relation to a developmental venous anomaly","volume":"43","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2461-1","article-title":"Unique double recurrence of cerebral arteriovenous malformation","volume":"157","author":"Nagm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.11.021","article-title":"De novo development of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation following radiation therapy: Case report and an update to classical arteriovenous malformation nomenclature","volume":"28","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.9.JNS161710","article-title":"De novo AVM formation following venous sinus thrombosis and prior AVM resection in adults: Report of 2 cases","volume":"128","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.PEDS15245","article-title":"De novo arteriovenous malformation in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia","volume":"17","author":"Shimoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.03.039","article-title":"Astrocytes-derived VEGF exacerbates the microvascular damage of late delayed RBI","volume":"408","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01529","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1529","article-title":"Ionizing radiation modulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression through STAT3 signaling pathway in rat neonatal primary astrocyte cultures","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.12.PEDS11312","article-title":"De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation in a child with previous cavernous malformation and developmental venous anomaly","volume":"9","author":"Alvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.073","article-title":"De novo thalamic arteriovenous malformation in a boy with a brainstem cavernous malformation","volume":"76","author":"Sheriff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e694","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.563692","article-title":"Biology of vascular malformations of the brain","volume":"40","author":"Leblanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.6.0972","article-title":"Endothelial proliferation, neoangiogenesis, and potential de novo generation of cerebrovascular malformations","volume":"94","author":"Sure","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1878-6","article-title":"De novo multiple dural arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous malformation after embolization of cerebral arteriovenous fistula: Case report","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.6.1058","article-title":"Development of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation documented in an adult by serial angiography. Case report","volume":"93","author":"Friedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2176\/nmccrj.cr.2016-0272","article-title":"De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation after Aneurysm Clipping","volume":"4","author":"Shidoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"NMC Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.1.0190","article-title":"Development of multiple cerebral arteriovenous malformations documented in an adult by serial angiography. Case report","volume":"98","author":"Miyasaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-42-501-667","article-title":"Some aspects of the natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformation","volume":"42","author":"Porter","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00367248","article-title":"Angiographically demonstrated larger vascular malformation in a patient with a normal angiogram 23 years before","volume":"23","author":"Peeters","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.41.83","article-title":"Growth of occult arteriovenous malformation after cerebral hemorrhage demonstrated by serial magnetic resonance imaging\u2014Case report","volume":"41","author":"Fuse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000235604","article-title":"Postnatal development of arteriovenous malformations","volume":"45","author":"Jeffree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198807000-00018","article-title":"Marked growth of an angiographically occult arteriovenous malformation: Case report","volume":"23","author":"Morioka","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E596","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001025","article-title":"De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation Growth Secondary to Implantation of Genetically Modified Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Brain","volume":"78","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E602","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001210","article-title":"In Reply: De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation Growth Secondary to Implantation of Genetically Modified Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Brain","volume":"78","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0557-3","article-title":"Case report of a de novo brainstem arteriovenous malformation in an 18-year-old male and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Kilbourn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"3","article-title":"De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation in a 4 Year-Old Boy with Headache, with No Previous Cerebrovascular Disease","volume":"6","author":"Laura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.142796","article-title":"Symptomatic de novo arteriovenous malformation in an adult: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Neil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1255","article-title":"De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation: Case report and literature review","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2413-8","article-title":"De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Is epileptic seizure a potential trigger?","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14250","article-title":"Natural history of brain arteriovenous malformations: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Abecassis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050646","article-title":"Association of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation and a meningioma","volume":"40","author":"Castillo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6376-8_4","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in seizures: A double-edged sword","volume":"548","author":"Croll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-016-0714-y","article-title":"Elevated Expression of VEGF-C and Its Receptors, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, in Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7597.2005.05209.x","article-title":"VEGF and seizures: Cross-talk between endothelial and neuronal environments","volume":"5","author":"Vezzani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.12.007","article-title":"Increased protein expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and their receptors in the temporal neocortex of pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients","volume":"328","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.88","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor: A neurovascular target in neurological diseases","volume":"12","author":"Lange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.07.011","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor attenuates status epilepticus-induced behavioral impairments in rats","volume":"19","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200114104342","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Effects of Epo and VEGF: Perspectives for New Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Diseases","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0878","article-title":"Stimulation of the bilateral anterior nuclei of the thalamus in the treatment of refractory epilepsy: Two cases of subcortical band heterotopia","volume":"18","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epileptic. Disord."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000448639","article-title":"Genetic Basis of Brain Malformations","volume":"7","author":"Parrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Syndromol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14633","article-title":"Spontaneous epileptiform activity in a rat model of bilateral subcortical band heterotopia","volume":"60","author":"Sahu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2003000300018","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation-glioma association: Study of four cases","volume":"61","author":"Borges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.72.5.0798","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation and glioma: Coexistent or sequential? Case report","volume":"72","author":"Goodkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(90)90106-Y","article-title":"Association of intracranial meningioma with arteriovenous malformation","volume":"34","author":"Soria","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478937","article-title":"A case of angioglioma composed of astrocytoma with a papillary growth pattern: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2016.03.024","article-title":"Delayed presentation of an arteriovenous malformation after cerebellar hemangioblastoma resection-Case report","volume":"23","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829c5cd5","article-title":"De novo arteriovenous malformation after brain radiotherapy for medulloblastoma in a child","volume":"81","author":"Mathon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.1.0121","article-title":"Coexistent hemangioblastoma and arteriovenous malformation of the cerebellum. Case report","volume":"75","author":"Medvedev","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.4.0710","article-title":"Radiosurgery-induced brain tumor. Case report","volume":"95","author":"Kaido","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"81","article-title":"A 32-year-old man who developed a posterior fossa mass 12 years after the radiation therapy for cerebellar arteriovenous malformation","volume":"48","author":"Koshimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"No Shinkei"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30659-4","article-title":"Risk of radiation-associated intracranial malignancy after stereotactic radiosurgery: A retrospective, multicentre, cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1713","article-title":"Physiologic angiodynamics in the brain","volume":"9","author":"Lamanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.12.145","article-title":"De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"111","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.7887\/jcns.20.4_1","article-title":"Revised perspective of cerebral arteriovenous malformation","volume":"20","author":"Komiyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.8.1721","article-title":"Dural-pial arteriovenous malformation after sinus thrombosis","volume":"29","author":"Ozawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.3.PEDS13610","article-title":"Development of a de novo arteriovenous malformation after bilateral revascularization surgery in a child with moyamoya disease","volume":"13","author":"Fujimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2014.56.4.356","article-title":"Cerebral arteriovenous malformation associated with moyamoya disease","volume":"56","author":"Noh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.2.0238","article-title":"Development of a de novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation in a child with sickle cell disease and moyamoya arteriopathy. Case report","volume":"102","author":"Dipatri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.4.0677","article-title":"Acquired cerebral arteriovenous malformation in a child with moyamoya disease. Case report","volume":"84","author":"Schmit","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198604000-00014","article-title":"A case of moyamoya disease accompanied by an arteriovenous malformation","volume":"18","author":"Kayama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.153.2.6484172","article-title":"Occlusive vascular disease associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations","volume":"153","author":"Mawad","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Cerebral arteriovenous malformations associated with moyamoya phenomenon","volume":"11","author":"Montanera","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2551-z","article-title":"A case report of a pediatric traumatic aneurysm with arteriovenous (A-V) fistula CASE-BASED UPDATE","volume":"30","author":"Anami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.12.009","article-title":"N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of a traumatic pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery","volume":"15","author":"Cuoco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.189","article-title":"Contrecoup Injury-Induced Middle Meningeal Arteriovenous Fistula Detected by Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Arterial Spin Labeling: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"127","author":"Tokairin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS1431","article-title":"Development of a de novo arteriovenous malformation after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405393","article-title":"Angiographic contribution to the problem of enlargement of cerebral arteriovenous malformations","volume":"36","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12184","article-title":"Congestive heart failure with diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis\u2014Case report and literature review","volume":"102","author":"Dotan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1858-x","article-title":"Cerebellar hemangioblastoma associated with diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis in an infant","volume":"28","author":"Patiroglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1137","article-title":"De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation: Case report","volume":"50","author":"Bulsara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.09.021","article-title":"Spontaneous appearance of de novo intracranial arteriovenous malformation in hepatic cirrhosis","volume":"65","author":"Gondar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"589","article-title":"Spontaneous disappearance of intracranial arteriovenous malformation after living-donor liver transplantation: A case report","volume":"39","author":"Shimoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003655","article-title":"De novo cerebrovascular malformation in the adult mouse after endothelial Alk1 deletion and angiogenic stimulation","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22348","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation in the adult mouse brain resembling the human disease","volume":"69","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0676-1","article-title":"Induction of Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Through CRISPR\/Cas9-Mediated Somatic Alk1 Gene Mutations in Adult Mice","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2020.01.009","article-title":"Secondary brain tumors after cranial radiation therapy: A single-institution study","volume":"25","author":"Fujii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"77","article-title":"Radiation-induced brain cavernomas in elderly: Review of the literature and a rare case report","volume":"90","author":"Mariniello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.046","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Cavernoma: Factors Associated with Subsequent De Novo Cavernoma Formation","volume":"120","author":"Sheen","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1175","article-title":"A case of cerebral arteriovenous malformation revealed at repeated subcortical hematoma with initially normal angiogram","volume":"19","author":"Isayama","year":"1991","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/3\/201\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:29:01Z","timestamp":1760160541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/3\/201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina57030201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57030201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}