{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T02:55:23Z","timestamp":1782528923567,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antenatal Bartter syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder causing severe polyuria that leads to severe polyhydramnios and preterm labor. Prenatal diagnosis of antenatal Bartter syndrome is difficult because the genetic diagnosis can only be confirmed following a clinical diagnosis in infants. Reports of prenatal diagnosis and treatment of antenatal Bartter syndrome are limited. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 33-year-old pregnant woman with refractory polyhydramnios at 31 weeks of gestation. There were no structural anomalies or placental problems on ultrasonography; therefore, antenatal Bartter syndrome was suspected. With repeated amniocentesis and indomethacin therapy, the pregnancy continued to 36 weeks of gestation. The clinical features of the infant and subsequent genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of antenatal Bartter syndrome. The baby was in good clinical condition at the 3-month follow-up visit. Conclusions: For pregnant women with early onset and refractory severe polyhydramnios without morphological anomalies, antenatal Bartter syndrome should be highly suspected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1615896062000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Rare Cause of Refractory Severe Polyhydramnios: Antenatal Bartter Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Gina","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6830-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi-Hye","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000098719","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of Bartter syndrome with biochemical examination of amniotic fluid: Case report","volume":"22","author":"Dane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857136","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/857136","article-title":"Antenatal Bartter syndrome: A review","volume":"2012","author":"Bhat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr475","article-title":"Genetic basis of Bartter syndrome in Korea","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Trans."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4717","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of Bartter syndrome: Amniotic fluid aldosterone","volume":"36","author":"Rachid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181ca038d","article-title":"Bartter syndrome prenatal diagnosis based on amniotic fluid biochemical analysis","volume":"67","author":"Garnier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199907)19:7<671::AID-PD571>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Biochemical examination of mother\u2019s urine is useful for prenatal diagnosis of Bartter syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Matsushita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1159\/000088035","article-title":"Elevated aldosterone in amniotic fluid and maternal blood has diagnostic potential in pregnancies complicated with a fetus of Bartter syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Norton, M. (2016). Amniotic fluid volume in fetal health and disease. Callen\u2019s Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90009-V","article-title":"The amniotic fluid index in normal human pregnancy","volume":"162","author":"Moore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1360163","article-title":"Polyhydramnios: Causes, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"73","author":"Hamza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000290349.58707.e0","article-title":"A review of idiopathic hydramnios and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Magann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00124.x","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Bartter\u2019s and Gitelman\u2019s syndromes","volume":"54","author":"Kurtz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.011","article-title":"A novel SLC12A1 gene mutation associated with hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and nephrocalcinosis in four patients","volume":"97","author":"Wongsaengsak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrad, F.C.C., Soares, S.B.M., de Menezes Silva, L.A.W., dos Anjos Menezes, P.V., and Sim\u00f5es-e-Silva, A.C. (2020). Bartter\u2019s syndrome: Clinical findings, genetic causes and therapeutic approach. World J. Pediatr., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00370-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970141017","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of Bartter syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Shalev","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4700","article-title":"Amniotic fluid biochemistry in isolated polyhydramnios: A series of 464 cases","volume":"35","author":"Allaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.035","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Bartter syndrome: Executive summary of the consensus and recommendations from the European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network Working Group for Tubular Disorders","volume":"99","author":"Konrad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.110528","article-title":"Early versus late indomethacin treatment for patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Weyler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/3\/272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:33Z","timestamp":1760160993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/3\/272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina57030272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57030272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}