{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:30:14Z","timestamp":1790249414892,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial inflammation is an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and sudden cardiac death in athletes. The relationship between sports practice and myocardial inflammation is complex, and recent data from studies concerning cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and endomyocardial biopsy have substantially added to our understanding of the challenges encountered in the comprehensive care of athletes with myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM). In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of myocarditis, ICM, and myopericarditis\/perimyocarditis in athletes, with a special emphasis on arrhythmias, patient-tailored therapies, and sports eligibility issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:48:22Z","timestamp":1615981702000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Myocardial Inflammation, Sports Practice, and Sudden Cardiac Death: 2021 Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1924-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Compagnucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Volpato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Falanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cipolletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Antonio","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Grifoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8698-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ciliberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7095-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Stronati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fogante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bergonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sommariva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5394-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Giovagnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Dello Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital \u201cOspedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology 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