{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:40:33Z","timestamp":1760402433060,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund\/Estonian Research Council","award":["3.2.1002.11-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.2.1002.11-0002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Institutional Research grant IUT 2-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Institutional Research grant IUT 2-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess if there are structural and functional changes of hands and legs already in early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA), compared with the population-based control group. Additionally, we aimed to identify if the changes are symmetrical in hands and legs and if there are factors that are associated with these changes. The study was conducted, and, thus far, the results have been controversial. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 83 consecutive patients with ERA and 321 control subjects. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) machine was used to measure bone, lean and fat mass. Inflammation and bone markers, smoking and nutritional habits were assessed, to evaluate the effects of different factors. The 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30-CST) and the Handgrip Strength Test (HST) were used to estimate muscle strength. Results: The presence of ERA was associated with lower arm, leg lean mass and higher fat mass of arm, compared with control subjects. ERA was also associated with lower mean handgrip in HST and worse muscle strength of legs in the 30-CST. Bone mass changes were not so evident both in arms and legs. Smoking habits did not seem to have relevant effect on bone mass, muscle structural and functional changes, both on hands and legs. In ERA, lean mass of arm and leg was negatively associated with C-reactive protein (CRP). The intake of proteins in ERA was not associated with lean mass changes both in hands and legs. Conclusions: Structural and functional changes of hands and legs are different in ERA. ERA patients had higher fat mass of arm, lower lean mass of arm and leg and, accordingly, decreased muscle function. The lowering of lean mass of arm and leg in ERA was associated with the elevation of CRP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structural and Functional Changes of Hands and Legs in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Valner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00dclle","family":"Kirsim\u00e4gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raili","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart","family":"Kull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viljandi County Hospital, 71024 Viljandi Maakond, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaja","family":"P\u00f5lluste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margus","family":"Lember","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riina","family":"Kallikorm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60826-4","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"376","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-012-0252-8","article-title":"Inflammatory rheumatic disorders and bone","volume":"14","author":"Bultink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. 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