{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:54:36Z","timestamp":1790268876782,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This review is dedicated to the use of carbamazepine and its derivatives oxcarbazepine and eslicarbazepine in bipolar disorder and their relative strengths in treating and preventing new depressive or manic episodes. This paper will discuss the evidence of their efficacy relative to the polarity of relapse from controlled acute and maintenance\/relapse prevention studies in bipolar patients. Materials and Methods: A Medline search was conducted for controlled acute and maintenance studies with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and eslicarbazepine in bipolar disorder. In addition, abstracts reporting on controlled studies with these medications from key conferences were taken into consideration. Results: Information was extracted from 84 articles on the acute and prophylactic efficacy of the medications under consideration. They all appear to have stronger efficacy in treating acute mania than depression, which also translates to better protection against manic than depressive relapses for carbamazepine. Still, there is a paucity of controlled acute studies on bipolar depression for all and, with the exception of carbamazepine, a lack of long-term monotherapy maintenance data. For eslicarbazepine, the efficacy in bipolar disorder remains largely unknown. Especially with carbamazepine, tolerability issues and drug\u2013drug interactions need to be kept in mind. Conclusions: Two of the medications discussed in this review, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, match Class A criteria according to the criteria proposed by Ketter and Calabrese, meaning acute antimanic efficacy, prevention of manic relapses, and not causing or worsening depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Efficacy of Carbamazepine and Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Grunze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatrisches Zentrum Nordbaden, 69168 Wiesloch, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4407-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt L.","family":"Amann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre F\u00f2rum Research Unit, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addiction (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Autonomous, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinz","family":"Grunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatrie Schw\u00e4bisch Hall, 74523 Schw\u00e4bisch Hall, Germany"},{"name":"Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n0210","article-title":"Stabilization of mood from below versus above baseline in bipolar disorder: A new nomenclature","volume":"63","author":"Ketter","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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