{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:21:53Z","timestamp":1793406113373,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that usually has its onset in childhood. Although the disorder persists into adulthood in half of cases, adult ADHD is often not recognized due to different psychopathological characteristics, quite often overlapping with other diagnoses such as mood, anxiety and personality disorders. This is especially true for bipolar disorder (BD), which shares several symptoms with adult ADHD. Moreover, besides an overlapping clinical presentation, BD is often co-occurring in adults with ADHD, with comorbidity figures as high as 20%. This review will focus on the comorbidity between ADHD and BD by exploring the magnitude of the phenomenon and evaluating the clinical and functional characteristics associated with ADHD\u2013BD comorbidity in adults. Finally, the review will address the implications of pharmacologically treating the ADHD\u2013BD comorbidity, providing suggestions in how to treat these complex patients and addressing the issue of treatment-induced manic switch with the use of stimulants and other medications for ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T10:49:51Z","timestamp":1620643791000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["ADHD and Bipolar Disorder in Adulthood: Clinical and Treatment Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginio","family":"Salvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Ospedali Riuniti, 60100 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences\/DIMSC, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Ribuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences\/DIMSC, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Servasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Ospedali Riuniti, 60100 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6882-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Orsolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Ospedali Riuniti, 60100 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Ospedali Riuniti, 60100 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences\/DIMSC, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"387","author":"Thapar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-015-0171-4","article-title":"ADHD symptomatology is best conceptualized as a spectrum: A dimensional versus unitary approach to diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Heidbreder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atten. 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