{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:17:50Z","timestamp":1793647070308,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Halitosis is a frequent condition that affects a large part of the population. It is considered a \u201csocial stigma\u201d, as it can determine a number of psychological and relationship consequences that affect people\u2019s lives. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of psychological factors in the condition of self-perceived halitosis in adolescent subjects and adulthood. (2) Type of studies reviewed: We conducted, by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, systematic research of the literature on PubMed and Scholar. The key terms used were halitosis, halitosis self-perception, psychological factors, breath odor and two terms related to socio-relational consequences (\u201cHalitosis and Social Relationship\u201d OR \u201cSocial Issue of Halitosis\u201d). Initial research identified 3008 articles. As a result of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the number of publications was reduced to 38. (3) Results: According to the literature examined, halitosis is a condition that is rarely self-perceived. In general, women have a greater ability to recognize it than men. Several factors can affect the perception of the dental condition, such as socioeconomic status, emotional state and body image. (4) Conclusion and practical implication: Self-perceived halitosis could have a significant impact on the patient\u2019s quality of life. Among the most frequent consequences are found anxiety, reduced levels of self-esteem, misinterpretation of other people\u2019s attitudes and embarrassment and relational discomfort that often result in social isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1623709546000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Adolescence, Adulthood and Self-Perceived Halitosis: A Role of Psychological Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"Mento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Psychiatric Unit Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d Hospital, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, Policlinico Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariacristina","family":"Milazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, Policlinico Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Ian","family":"Whithorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Boronat-Catal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro J.","family":"Almi\u00f1ana-Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Sala","family":"Fern\u00e0ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Psychiatric Unit Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d Hospital, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8789-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Psychiatric Unit Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d Hospital, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7271-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rosaria Anna","family":"Muscatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Psychiatric Unit Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d Hospital, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco Antonio","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Psychiatric Unit Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d Hospital, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2019.00025.8","article-title":"Self-Perception, Knowledge and Attitude of Halitosis among patients attending a Dental Hospital in South India-A Questionnaire Based Study","volume":"12","author":"Kuzhalvaimozhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. 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J."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/6\/614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:44Z","timestamp":1760163224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/6\/614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina57060614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57060614","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]}}}