{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:55:23Z","timestamp":1790794523796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SIP research project of the Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP number 20190296, 20201613, 20200396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP number 20190296, 20201613, 20200396"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: To investigate the effect of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) or Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and HPV + CT coinfection on sperm quality, inflammation, and the state of oxidative stress (OS) in asymptomatic infertile men. Materials and Methods: Semen samples from 84 asymptomatic military infertile men were studied. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the molecular detection of HPV and CT. Semen parameters were analyzed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Inflammation was evaluated by an IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IFN-\u03b3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and OS by the quantification of lipid peroxidation (LPO), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Results: A total of 81 of the 84 (96.4%) samples were positives for the pathogens, with 55\/81 (68%) being positive for HPV, 11\/81 (13.5%) for CT, and 15\/81 (18.5%) for HPV + CT coinfection. Seminal parameters were affected in the infected groups, including pH increases above the normal range in all groups. An abnormal sperm morphology was observed in the HPV and HPV + CT groups. Higher cytokine levels were detected in the HPV group and the highest IL-1\u03b2 level was found in the HPV + CT group. No cytokines were detected in the CT group. High LPO and 8-OHdG levels were found in all groups with a lower TAC. Comparisons between groups showed the highest OS state was observed in the HPV group. Conclusions: High HPV infection or coinfection (HVP + CT) in these infertile men suggest compromising male fertility by inducing a proinflammatory state and OS. Infection with CT suggests an alteration of the state of OS by promoting an alkaline pH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:12:22Z","timestamp":1629843142000},"page":"862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Proinflammatory and Oxidative Stress States Induced by Human Papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis Coinfection Affect Sperm Quality in Asymptomatic Infertile Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5673-0825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda, Gustavo A. Madero CP.07320, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca de Lerdo CP.50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3280-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biolog\u00eda de la Reproducci\u00f3n, \u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca CP.42090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5441-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigoberto","family":"Oros-Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca de Lerdo CP.50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Medel-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopat\u00eda, Gustavo A. Madero CP.07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Cruz","family":"Miranda-Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatolog\u00eda de la Secretar\u00eda de la Defensa Nacional, Miguel Hidalgo CP.11200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Casco de Santo Tomas 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"492","article-title":"HIV, HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis: Impacts on male fertility","volume":"24","author":"Goulart","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. 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