{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:03:27Z","timestamp":1775027007217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a life-threatening complication of liver cirrhosis. Antibiotic prophylaxis is effective but can lead to an increased incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of CDI and the risk factors in cirrhotic patients with a previous episode of SBP receiving norfloxacin as secondary prophylaxis. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective, cohort study including patients with liver cirrhosis and SBP, successfully treated over a 2-year period in a tertiary university hospital. All the patients received secondary prophylaxis for SBP with norfloxacin 400 mg\/day. Results: There were 122 patients with liver cirrhosis and SBP included (mean age 57.5 \u00b1 10.8 years, 65.5% males). Alcoholic cirrhosis was the major etiology accounting for 63.1% of cases. The mean MELD score was 19.7 \u00b1 6.1. Twenty-three (18.8%) of all patients developed CDI during follow-up, corresponding to an incidence of 24.8 cases per 10,000 person-years. The multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that alcoholic LC etiology (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.104\u20132.441, p = 0.029) and Child-Pugh C class (HR 2.50, 95% CI 1.257\u20133.850, p = 0.034) were independent risk factors for CDI development during norfloxacin secondary prophylaxis. The development of CDI did not influence the mortality rates in cirrhotic patients with SBP receiving norfloxacin. Conclusions: Cirrhotic patients with SBP and Child-Pugh C class and alcoholic liver cirrhosis had a higher risk of developing Clostridioides difficile infection during norfloxacin secondary prophylaxis. In patients with alcoholic Child-Pugh C class liver cirrhosis, alternative prophylaxis should be evaluated as SBP secondary prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T23:32:23Z","timestamp":1631575943000},"page":"964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Cirrhotic Patients Receiving Norfloxacin for Secondary Prophylaxis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis\u2014A Real Life Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5925-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Girleanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Trifan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Huiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Muzica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Nemteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Teodorescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Singeap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6395-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camelia","family":"Cojocariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2497-9236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Chiriac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Petrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-3980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Zenovia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Nastasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor","family":"Cuciureanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Stanciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1621167","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria: An update of epidemiology and antimicrobial treatments","volume":"13","author":"Fiore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. 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