{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T04:02:20Z","timestamp":1763179340353,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TAFRO syndrome, a rare subtype of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease, manifests as thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis, and organomegaly. Thrombotic microangiopathy, including renal dysfunction, is frequently associated with this syndrome. TAFRO syndrome can be life threatening and show rapid progression, and the diagnosis and management of this disorder remain challenging. A 48-year-old woman was diagnosed with TAFRO syndrome complicated by thrombotic microangiopathy based on the clinical and histopathological findings. After receiving high-dose steroids, her thrombocytopenia and anasarca did not improve. The patient subsequently received a combination of cyclosporine A and rituximab as second-line therapy, which resulted in a significant gradual improvement in the clinical symptoms. Meanwhile, her platelet count increased to more than 40 \u00d7 109\/L; however, she developed intracranial hemorrhage. Following surgical evacuation, the patient recovered with an achievement of sustained remission. Based on these findings, attention should be paid to life-threatening bleeding associated with local thrombotic microangiopathy even when intensive treatment is administered for TAFRO syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:13:47Z","timestamp":1631924027000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intracranial Hemorrhage in a Patient with TAFRO Syndrome Treated with Cyclosporine A and Rituximab"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Yuina","family":"Akagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Naga Municipal Hospital, Wakayama 6496414, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Naga Municipal Hospital, Wakayama 6496414, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Hosoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuto","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Warigaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taisei","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Naga Municipal Hospital, Wakayama 6496414, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Sonoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1150-0970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinobu","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.53.57","article-title":"Castleman-Kojima disease (TAFRO syndrome): A novel systemic inflammatory disease characterized by a constellation of symptoms, namely, thrombocytopenia, ascites (anasarca), microcytic anemia, myelofibrosis, renal dysfunction, and organomegaly: A status report and summary of Fukushima (6 June 2012) and Nagoya meetings (22 September 2012)","volume":"53","author":"Kawabata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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