{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:04:27Z","timestamp":1770325467260,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National research fund of Korea","award":["NRF-2019M2D2A1A01031560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019M2D2A1A01031560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objective: Although transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been the commonest local modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), incomplete repsonse occurs especially for tumors with a large size or difficult tumor accessment. The present meta-analysis assessed the efficacy and feasibility of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) as a salvage modality after incomplete TACE. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints included the response ratem toxicity of grade 3, and local control. Results: Twelve studies involving 757 patients were included; the median of portal vein thrombosis rate was 25%, and the pooled median of tumor size was 5.8 cm. The median prescribed dose ranged from 37.3 to 150 Gy (pooled median: 54 Gy in *EQD2). The pooled one- and two-year OS rates were 72.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 60.2\u201381.9%) and 50.5% (95% CI: 35.6\u201365.4%), respectively; the pooled response and local control rates were 72.2% (95% CI: 65.4\u201378.1%) and 86.6 (95% CI: 80.1\u201391.2%) respectively. The pooled rates of grade \u22653 gastrointestinal toxicity, radiation-induced liver disease, hepatotoxicity, and hematotoxicity were 4.1%, 3.5%, 5.7%, and 4.9%, respectively. Local control was not correlated with intrahepatic (p = 0.6341) or extrahepatic recurrences (p = 0.8529) on meta-regression analyses. Conclusion: EBRT was feasible and efficient in regard to tumor response and control; after incomplete TACE. Out-field recurrence, despite favorable local control, necessitates the combination of EBRT with systemic treatments. *Equivalent dose in 2 Gy per fraction scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T22:24:13Z","timestamp":1632695053000},"page":"1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Salvage External Beam Radiotherapy after Incomplete Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Dae","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Medical College, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9371-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chai","family":"Rim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Medical College, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Medical College, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-3511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Soo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education, AI Convergence Education, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Anam Hospital, Korea University Medical College, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"Resectability of hepatocellular carcinoma: Evaluation of 333 consecutive cases at a single hepatobiliary specialty center and systematic review of the literature","volume":"53","author":"Sotiropoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12818","article-title":"Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: The BRIDGE Study","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08649-X","article-title":"Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"359","author":"Llovet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33156","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Lo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13131760","article-title":"Small single-nodule hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and hepatic resection by using inverse probability weighting","volume":"271","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.03.046","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization in very early and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients excluded from curative treatment: A prospective cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Bargellini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. 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