{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:01:35Z","timestamp":1793898095897,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a genetic autoinflammatory disease with autosomal recessive transmission, characterized by periodic fever attacks with self-limited serositis. Secondary amyloidosis due to amyloid A renal deposition represents the most fearsome complication in up to 8.6% of patients. Amyloidosis A typically reveals a nephrotic syndrome with a rapid progression to end-stage kidney disease still. It may also involve the cardiovascular system, the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Other glomerulonephritis may equally affect FMF patients, including vasculitis such as IgA vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa. A differential diagnosis among different primary and secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome is mandatory to determine the right therapeutic choice for the patients. Early detection of microalbuminuria is the first signal of kidney impairment in FMF, but new markers such as Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) may radically change renal outcomes. Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) is currently considered a reliable indicator of subclinical inflammation and compliance to therapy. According to new evidence, SAA may also have an active pathogenic role in the regulation of NALP3 inflammasome activity as well as being a predictor of the clinical course of AA amyloidosis. Beyond colchicine, new monoclonal antibodies such as IL-1 inhibitors anakinra and canakinumab, and anti-IL-6 tocilizumab may represent a key in optimizing FMF treatment and prevention or control of AA amyloidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:57:54Z","timestamp":1633917474000},"page":"1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Amyloidosis and Glomerular Diseases in Familial Mediterranean Fever"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7320-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Siligato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4823-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Gembillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0617-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Unit, AOU Policlinic \u201cG Martino\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3715-5","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever, review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"859","article-title":"Arthritis as the sole episodic manifestation of familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"32","author":"Lidar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04442.x","article-title":"Erysipelas-like erythema as the presenting feature of familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"27","author":"Lidar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, L., Raheem, I., Malemud, C.J., and Askari, A.D. (2016). The relationship between NALP3 and autoinflammatory syndromes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050725"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The French FMF Consortium (1997). A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever. Nat. Genet., 17, 25\u201331.","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-25"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The International FMF Consortium (1997). Ancient missense mutations in a new member of the RoRet gene family are likely to cause familial Mediterranean fever. Cell, 90, 797\u2013807.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80539-5"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"93","article-title":"The influence of genotype on disease severity and concomitant diseases in familial Mediterranean fever patients","volume":"37","author":"Karadavut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.10.068","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype correlation in FMF patients: A \u201cnon classic\u201d recessive autosomal or \u201catypical\u201d dominant autosomal inheritance?","volume":"641","author":"Procopio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2011.01785.x","article-title":"\u2018Silent\u2019 carriage of two familial Mediterranean fever gene mutations in large families with only a single identified patient","volume":"82","author":"Camus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2018.1558282","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in adult familial Mediterranean fever patients: Underlying causes and association with amyloidosis","volume":"48","author":"Varan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2020.1762922","article-title":"Vitamin D binding protein genotype frequency in familial Mediterranean fever patients","volume":"49","author":"Orhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gembillo, G., Cernaro, V., Siligato, R., Curreri, F., Catalano, A., and Santoro, D. (2020). Protective role of vitamin D in renal tubulopathies. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10030115"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gembillo, G., Siligato, R., Amatruda, M., Conti, G., and Santoro, D. (2021). Vitamin D and glomerulonephritis. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57020186"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.01.007","article-title":"The role of IL-4 gene 70 bp VNTR and ACE gene I\/D variants in Familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"67","author":"Yigit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"150","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion\/deletion variant and familial Mediterranean fever-related amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"Nursal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070265","article-title":"Natural history and outcome in systemic AA amyloidosis","volume":"356","author":"Lachmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-020-0117-1","article-title":"Assessment of effectiveness of anakinra and canakinumab in patients with colchicine-resistant\/unresponsive familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"60","author":"Derin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2014.006","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever: An updated review","volume":"1","author":"Birlik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04412-7","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever is associated with a wide spectrum of inflammatory disorders: Results from a large cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Atas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra023144","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of amyloidosis","volume":"349","author":"Merlini","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050460","article-title":"Amyloidosis-associated kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Dember","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2020.1835263","article-title":"Amyloid nomenclature 2020: Update and recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) nomenclature committee","volume":"27","author":"Merrill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09494","article-title":"Antibodies to human serum amyloid P component eliminate visceral amyloid deposits","volume":"468","author":"Bodin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02505-y","article-title":"A histopathological scoring and grading system to predict outcome for patients with AA amyloidosis","volume":"52","author":"Celtik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa772","article-title":"Amyloid storm: Acute kidney injury and massive proteinuria, rapidly progressing to end-stage kidney disease in AA amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"60","author":"Kukuy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631299","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.631299","article-title":"Serum amyloid A in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: A compendious review of a renowned biomarker","volume":"11","author":"Hosman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2017.05.006","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis: A risk condition for renal disease","volume":"27","author":"Santoro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13966","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13966","article-title":"Infections and AA amyloidosis: An overview","volume":"75","author":"Deshayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00782-9","article-title":"Induction of pro-inflammatory genes by serum amyloid A1 in human amnion fibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-018-0047-0","article-title":"Serum amyloid A\u2014A review","volume":"24","author":"Sack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001134","article-title":"The value of serum amyloid A levels in familial Mediterranean fever to identify occult inflammation during asymptomatic periods","volume":"27","author":"Tanatar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0605-9","article-title":"Evaluation of intima media thickness of the common and internal carotid arteries with inflammatory markers in familial Mediterranean fever as possible predictors for atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Bilginer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O16","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-13-S1-O16","article-title":"Endothelial biomarkers in patients with familial Mediterranean fever associated vascular disease and vasculopathy","volume":"13","author":"Sargsyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP70062","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever and IgA nephropathy: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"70","author":"Gok","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2007.00945.x","article-title":"Mutations in the familial Mediterranean fever gene of patients with IgA nephropathy and other forms of glomerulonephritis","volume":"73","author":"Kukuy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.284033","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever and immunoglobulin A nephropathy: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3701-y","article-title":"Frequency of familial Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene mutations in patients with biopsy-proven primary glomerulonephritis","volume":"36","author":"Huzmeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3109\/08860221003640090","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever and membranous glomerulonephritis: Report of a case","volume":"32","author":"Ceri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-003-0329-9","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever and glomerulonephritis and review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Akpolat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12520","article-title":"Assessment of renal involvement in patients with familial Mediterranean fever: A clinical study from Ardabil, Iran","volume":"44","author":"Bashardoust","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1991-9","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis: Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Cagdas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0124-1","article-title":"Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in familial Mediterranean fever patient with E148Q mutation: The first case report","volume":"45","author":"Eroglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"486","article-title":"Massive proteinuria and acute glomerulonephritis picture in a patient with Familial Mediterranean fever and E148Q mutation","volume":"8","author":"Ardalan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"323","article-title":"Vasculitis in familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"24","author":"Ozdogan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.19958","article-title":"Polyarteritis nodosa in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF): A concomitant disease or a feature of FMF?","volume":"30","author":"Ozen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00502-X","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of mutations in the familial Mediterranean fever gene in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"143","author":"Broza","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-7-8","article-title":"Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a child with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein Vasculitis and familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"7","author":"Sozeri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.57","article-title":"Spectrum of renal involvement in familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"41","author":"Said","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"227","article-title":"IgM nephropathy associated with familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"33","author":"Said","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000117803","article-title":"An unusual association between familial mediterranean fever and IgM nephropathy","volume":"17","author":"Peru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, P.W., Ho, L.T., Goldschmidt, R., Semerdjian, R.J., and Rutecki, G.W. (2003). Familial Mediterranean fever, inflammation and nephrotic syndrome: Fibrillary glomerulopathy and the M680I missense mutation. BMC Nephrol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-4-6"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00763","article-title":"Association of vasculitis and familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"10","author":"Abbara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208690","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"75","author":"Ozen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh285","article-title":"Microalbuminuria in the course of familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"19","author":"Baskin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(67)90167-2","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever. A survey of 470 cases and review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Sohar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket400","article-title":"Amyloidosis and its related factors in Turkish patients with familial Mediterranean fever: A multicentre study","volume":"53","author":"Kasifoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"253","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever: Recent developments in pathogenesis and new recommendations for management","volume":"8","author":"Batu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03530708","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"4","author":"Bolignano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-021-00178-4","article-title":"Using urinary neutrophile gelatinase-associated lipocalin for prognosticate renal dysfunction in children with familial Mediterranean fever the study design: A pilot study","volume":"61","author":"Oksay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa205","article-title":"A systematic literature review of efficacy, effectiveness and safety of biologic therapies for treatment of familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"59","author":"Gautam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2016.1245780","article-title":"Treatment of familial Mediterranean fever with anakinra in patients unresponsive to colchicine","volume":"46","author":"Pecher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-eular.5360","article-title":"FRI0479 efficacy of colchicine and IL-1 inhibitors in amyloidosis associated with familial Mediterranean fever: A retrospective analysis","volume":"75","author":"Toz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0228-7","article-title":"MAIL1 (Maladies Auto-inflammatoires et Anti-IL-1) study Group on behalf of CRI (Club Rhumatisme et Inflammation) Tolerance and efficacy of off-label anti-interleukin-1 treatments in France: A nationwide survey","volume":"10","author":"Fautrel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2014.987437","article-title":"Interleukin-1 targeting treatment in familial Mediterranean fever: An experience of pediatric patients","volume":"25","author":"Uncu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-013-9960-8","article-title":"Clinical and genetic profile of children with periodic fever syndromes from a single medical center in South East Michigan","volume":"34","author":"Chandrakasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2018.0311101218","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-1 treatment among patients with familial Mediterranean fever resistant to colchicine treatment. Retrospective analysis","volume":"137","author":"Sargin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2772-2","article-title":"Anti-IL-1 treatment in familial Mediterranean fever and related amyloidosis","volume":"35","author":"Ekim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Toz, B., \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, Y.K., Erer, B., Ocal, L., and Gul, A. (2016). Efficacy and safety of IL-1 inhibitors in amyloidosis associated with familial Mediterranean fever who underwent kidney transplantation. Arthritis Rheumatol., 68, Available online: https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/efficacy-and-safety-of-il-1-inhibitors-in-amyloidosis-associated-with-familial-mediterranean-fever-who-underwent-kidney-transplantation\/."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ugurlu, S., Ergezen, B., and Ozdogan, H. (2016). ANTI-Interleukin 1 Therapy in FMF amyloidosis: A single center experience. Arthritis Rheumatol., 68, Available online: https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/anti-interleukin-1-therapy-in-fmf-amyloidosis-a-single-center-experience\/.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-eular.5397"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-015-3293-2","article-title":"Treatment of colchicine-resistant familial Mediterranean fever in children and adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Eroglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38777","article-title":"Canakinumab for the treatment of children with colchicine-resistant familial Mediterranean fever: A 6-month open-label, single-arm pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Brik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706314","article-title":"Canakinumab for the treatment of autoinflammatory recurrent fever syndromes","volume":"378","author":"Benedetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3993-5","article-title":"Canakinumab treatment in children with familial Mediterranean fever: Report from a single center","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1457469","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of interleukin-1 inhibitors in familial Mediterranean fever patients complicated with amyloidosis","volume":"29","author":"Varan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-017-0642-0","article-title":"Tocilizumab in the treatment of twelve cases with aa amyloidosis secondary to familial mediterranean fever","volume":"12","author":"Ugurlu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu474","article-title":"Tocilizumab in the treatment of patients with AA amyloidosis secondary to familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"54","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2018.17183","article-title":"Recurrence of proteinuria after cessation of tocilizumab in patients with AA amyloidosis secondary to FMF","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/10\/1049\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:08:33Z","timestamp":1760166513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/10\/1049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina57101049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57101049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}