{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:34:38Z","timestamp":1790804078613,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Female reproductive hormones may affect core body temperature. This study aimed to investigate the effects of female reproductive hormones on inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia in patients who underwent laparoscopic gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 660 menstruating and menopausal female patients aged 19\u201365 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia: non-hypothermia group (N = 472) and hypothermia group (N = 188). After propensity score matching, 312 patients (N = 156 in each group) were analyzed to investigate the association between intraoperative hypothermia and female reproductive hormones. As potential predictors of inadvertent hypothermia, the levels of female reproductive hormones were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results: The association of estradiol (r = \u22120.218, p = 0.000) and progesterone (r = \u22120.235, p = 0.000) levels with inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia was significant but weakly negative before matching; however, it was significant and moderately negative after matching (r = \u22120.326, p = 0.000 and r = \u22120.485, p = 0.000, respectively). In a binary logistic analysis, the odds ratio for estradiol was 0.995 (p = 0.014, 0.993 &lt; 95% confidence interval [CI] &lt; 0.998) before matching and 0.993 (p = 0.000, 0.862 &lt; 95% CI &lt; 0.930) after matching, and that for progesterone was 0.895 (p = 0.000, 0.862 &lt; 95% CI &lt; 0.930) before matching and 0.833 (p = 0.014, 0.990 &lt; 95% CI &lt; 0.996) after matching. Conclusions: Estradiol and progesterone levels were associated with inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia. However, the odds ratio for female reproductive hormone levels was close to 1. Therefore, female reproductive hormones may not be a risk factor for hypothermia during gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia. However, a small sample size in this study limits the generalizability of the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57111255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Female Reproductive Hormone Levels on Inadvertent Intraoperative Hypothermia during Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Cheol","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0877-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SeongNam","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ByoungRyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeonbin","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myeongjong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University Medical School, 82 Gugwondae-ro, Chungju 27376, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5268-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2488-9986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungtae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2018.05.003","article-title":"Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia","volume":"18","author":"Riley","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a, F.T., Ferreira, J.D.S., Guilardi, V.H.F., and Guimar\u00e3es, G.M.N. (2021). Prevalence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia and associated factors: A cross-sectional study. Ther. Hypothermia Temp. Manag., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2020.0038"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00981-2","article-title":"Perioperative thermoregulation and heat balance","volume":"387","author":"Sessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_334_16","article-title":"Temperature management under general anesthesia: Compulsion or option","volume":"33","author":"Bindu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effects of hypothermia and shivering on standard PACU monitoring of patients","volume":"73","author":"Kiekkas","year":"2005","journal-title":"AANA J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2018.06.003","article-title":"Risk factors for perioperative hypothermia: A literature review","volume":"34","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perianesth. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2015.11.004","article-title":"Sex hormone effects on autonomic mechanisms of thermoregulation in humans","volume":"196","author":"Charkoudian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"73","article-title":"Menstrual cycle phase may effect the thermoregulation during anesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Erden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Anesth. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130029","article-title":"Reproductive hormone influences on thermoregulation in women","volume":"4","author":"Charkoudian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1735927","article-title":"Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5468","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5468","article-title":"Individual differences in normal body temperature: Longitudinal big data analysis of patient records","volume":"359","author":"Obermeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c214","DOI":"10.1159\/000235241","article-title":"Cohort studies: Prospective versus retrospective","volume":"113","author":"Euser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000361","article-title":"Optimal nasopharyngeal temperature probe placement","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.80.3.262","article-title":"Tympanic membrane temperature as a measure of core temperature","volume":"80","author":"Childs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/11\/1255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:31:21Z","timestamp":1760167881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/57\/11\/1255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina57111255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57111255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]}}}