{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:09:32Z","timestamp":1776895772451,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Caja Rural de Asturias","award":["FIO#21001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIO#21001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Irreversible visual impairment is mainly caused by retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Stem cell research has experienced rapid progress in recent years, and researchers and clinical ophthalmologists are trying to implement this promising technology to treat retinal degeneration. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze currently available data from clinical trials applying stem cells to treat human retinal diseases. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed to identify articles related with stem cell therapies to retinal diseases published prior to September 2021. Furthermore, a systematic search in ClinicalTrials (NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine) was performed to identify clinical trials using stem cells to treat retinal diseases. A descriptive analysis of status, conditions, phases, interventions, and outcomes is presented here. Conclusions: To date, no available therapy based on stem cell transplantation is approved for use with patients. However, numerous clinical trials are currently finishing their initial phases and, in general, the outcomes related to implantation techniques and their long-term safety seem promising. In the next few years, we expect to see quantifiable results pertaining to visual function improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T22:03:13Z","timestamp":1641852193000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Human Stem Cell Transplantation for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Where Are We Now?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Alcalde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario Fern\u00e1ndez-Vega, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Oftalmol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6658-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario Fern\u00e1ndez-Vega, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Oftalmol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario Fern\u00e1ndez-Vega, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Oftalmol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagore","family":"De Pablo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario Fern\u00e1ndez-Vega, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Oftalmol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahla","family":"Jemni-Damer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4326-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo V.","family":"Guinea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Merayo-Lloves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario Fern\u00e1ndez-Vega, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Oftalmol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Del Olmo-Aguado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario Fern\u00e1ndez-Vega, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Oftalmol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.07.022","article-title":"Recapitulation of Human Retinal Development from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Generates 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