{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T04:23:27Z","timestamp":1765254207706,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysbarism is a general term which includes the signs and symptoms that can manifest when the body is subject to an increase or a decrease in the atmospheric pressure which occurs either at a rate or duration exceeding the capacity of the body to adapt safely. In the following review, we take dysbarisms into account for our analysis. Starting from the underlying physical laws, we will deal with the pathologies that can develop in the most frequently affected areas of the body, as the atmospheric pressure varies when acclimatization fails. Manifestations of dysbarism range from itching and minor pain to neurological symptoms, cardiac collapse, and death. Overall, four clinical pictures can occur: decompression illness, barotrauma, inert gas narcosis, and oxygen toxicity. We will then review the clinical manifestations and illustrate some hints of therapy. We will first introduce the two forms of decompression sickness. In the next part, we will review the barotrauma, compression, and decompression. The last three parts will be dedicated to gas embolism, inert gas narcosis, and oxygen toxicity. Such an approach is critical for the effective treatment of patients in a hostile environment, or treatment in the emergency room after exposure to extreme physical or environmental factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T22:03:13Z","timestamp":1641852193000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dysbarism: An Overview of an Unusual Medical Emergency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Savioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine and Surgery, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"PhD School in Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Alfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine and Surgery, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Zanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cOspedale Alba-Bra Onlus\u201d\u2014Department of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, Italy"},{"name":"Research Training Innovation Infrastructure, Research and Innovation Department, Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-7404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Bavestrello Piccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Varesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ICS Maugeri, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ricevuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iride Francesca","family":"Ceresa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Ospedale Civile Vigevano, 27029 Vigevano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"Dysbarism: The medical problems from high and low atmospheric pressure","volume":"27","author":"James","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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