{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:58:38Z","timestamp":1785761918790,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The \u201cclassic\u201d thyroid gland arterial vascularization takes into account two superior thyroid arteries (STA), two inferior thyroid arteries (ITA) and, occasionally, a thyroid ima artery (TIMA). The present review focuses on exploring the available data concerning thyroid gland arterial vascularization and its variations. Methods: Here, we analysed 49 articles from the last century, ranging from case reports to reviews concerning cadaver dissection classes, surgical intervention, and non-invasive techniques as well. Results: The harvested data clearly highlighted that: (i) the STA originates predominantly from the external carotid artery; (ii) the ITA is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk; and (iii) the TIMA is a very uncommon variant predominantly occurring to compensate for ITA absence. Conclusion: A systematic review of a highly vascularized organ is of great relevance during surgical intervention and, thus, the knowledge of normal anatomy and its modification is essential both for fact-finding and in surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T20:46:03Z","timestamp":1642452363000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Thyroid Gland: A Revision Study on Its Vascularization and Surgical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3179-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo J. V.","family":"Branca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Lascialfari Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4539-8043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino Marcello","family":"Pilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatello","family":"Carrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Gulisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4098-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-3499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Paternostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Firenze, L.go Brambilla 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Levi, G. 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