{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T07:15:51Z","timestamp":1778397351029,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is usually linked with polypharmacy and patients are invariably at risk of complex medication regimens. The present study was designed to estimate the potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) through the prescription patterns provided to patients of the Nephrology Transplant Unit of Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty patients. Materials and Methods: 96 patients were included in the study. pDDIs among every combination of the prescribed drug were analyzed using the Thomson Reuters Micromedex. Results: We found 149 pDDIs making 2.16 interactions per prescription with incidence rates of 69.7%. Approximately 4.1% of interactions were of significant severity, 75.1% moderate severity, and 20.8% were classified as minor pDDIs. The most frequent interactions were found between iron and aluminum, calcium or magnesium-containing products (21.37%), calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers (8.96%); and aspirin and aluminum, calcium, or magnesium-containing products (7.58%). We identified 42 drug pairs with probability of clinical significance. The most commonly reported clinical outcomes of the pDDIs were hypo- or hypertension (39.24%), decreased drug efficacy (24.05%), and arrhythmia (9.49%). Aluminum, calcium, or magnesium-containing drug products (33.10%) constituted the primary class of drugs involved in interactions. Conclusions: This study showed pharmacodynamics (49%), pharmacokinetics (42.94%) interactions, polypharmacy and gender as determinant of pDDIs. A comprehensive multicenter research is required to decrease the morbidity and ease the state burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1643194973000},"page":"183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Prevalence of Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in CKD-A Retrospective Observational Study of Cerrahpasa Nephrology Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Andleeb","family":"Shahzadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikbal","family":"Sonmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cagla","family":"Kose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Halic University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-7556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burhaneddin","family":"Oktan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Alagoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haktan","family":"Sonmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Centre, District Headquarters Hospital-Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Gokhan","family":"Akkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcl052","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: Evolving strategies for detection and management of impaired renal function","volume":"99","author":"MacGregor","year":"2006","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.12.007","article-title":"Trends in Renal Replacement Therapy in Turkey, 1996\u20132008","volume":"57","author":"Altiparmak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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