{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:36:36Z","timestamp":1760369796327,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: One of the most frequent glomerular diseases in the pediatric population is represented by the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). The exact mechanisms mediating the disease are still unknown, but several genetic factors have been studied for possible implications. Cytokines are considered to play a pivotal role in mediating INS disease progression, interleukin-4 (IL-4) exhibiting particular interest. The objective of this research project was to investigate the association between two IL-4 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and INS susceptibility as well as response to steroid therapy, in a group of Romanian children. Materials and Methods: In total, 75 patients with INS and 160 healthy controls of Romanian origin were genotyped for IL-4 rs2243250\/\u2212590C\/T and rs2070874\/\u221234C\/T using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Association tests were performed using the DeFinetti program and Plink 1.07 software and p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The analysis of INS patients and controls revealed a similar genotype distribution of the studied SNPs. The minor T alleles were less frequent in the INS group, but not statistically significant (p = 0.1, OR = 0.68 and p = 0.2, OR = 0.74). Regarding the response to steroids, a low frequency of 590*T allele in steroid-resistant patients (7.7%), compared with steroid-sensitive patients (14%) and controls (17.5%), was obtained, but the difference did not reach the statistical significance threshold. The same result was obtained for \u221234C\/T SNP. Conclusions: This is the first study examining the relationship between the IL-4 gene and INS susceptibility conducted in a European population, and particularly in Romania. The investigated SNPs were found to not be associated with disease susceptibility or response to the steroid treatment of pediatric INS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T02:35:51Z","timestamp":1644546951000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Variants of Interleukin-4 in Romanian Patients with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ioana","family":"Tieranu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children \u2018Marie Sklodowska Curie\u2019, Constantin Brancoveanu Bulevard No. 20, Sector 4, 077120 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian George","family":"Tieranu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica Irina","family":"Dutescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, \u201cProf. Dr. Constantin T. Nicolau\u201d National Institute of Blood Transfusion, Constantin Caracas Street No. 2-8, 011155 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9522-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camelia Elena","family":"Berghea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children \u2018Marie Sklodowska Curie\u2019, Constantin Brancoveanu Bulevard No. 20, Sector 4, 077120 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Balgradean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children \u2018Marie Sklodowska Curie\u2019, Constantin Brancoveanu Bulevard No. 20, Sector 4, 077120 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia Mihaela","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.65297","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory findings and therapeutic responses in children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Safaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. 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