{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:13:55Z","timestamp":1792030435750,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Given the fact that galectin-3 has a predictive significance on the development of myocardial dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction, the aim of our study was to examine potential factors that could be important for the dynamics of the concentration of this biomarker in the early postinfarction period. Materials and Methods: This study included 89 patients with a diagnosis of stable angina pectoris (SAP) or the first non-ST elevation (NSTEMI) or ST-elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction, who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study group included 23 patients with the first NSTEMI and 42 patients with STEMI, while the control group consisted of 24 patients with SAP hospitalized for elective PCI without a previous MI. All patients had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Galectin-3 levels were determined on days 1, 5, and 30 after PCI. The significance of various independent variables as predictors of galectin-3 concentration was analyzed after a series of univariate linear regression modeling in a multivariate linear regression model. Results: The average patients\u2019 age was 63.99 \u00b1 9.13 years. Statistically significantly higher values of C-reactive protein were established in STEMI compared to SAP (p &lt; 0.01) or NSTEMI (p &lt; 0.001), whereas WBC count was significantly lower in SAP than in STEMI (p &lt; 0.001) and NSTEMI (p &lt; 0.01) group. Although there were no statistically significant differences in measured galectin-3 concentrations between the examined groups on days 1, 5, and 30 after PCI, HTA, triglyceride level, LA size, treatment with trimetazidine and long-acting nitrates, as well as percentage of LM stenosis and E\/A ratio were identified as independent predictors of galectin-3 concentration. Conclusions: In the post-MI period, very early values of galectin-3 correlate mostly with atherosclerosis factors, while on day 30 this biomarker correlates with diastolic dysfunction and \u201cannounces\u201d left ventricular remodeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1644872283000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Trend of Galectin-3 Levels in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation and ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Branka","family":"Miti\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Blvd Zorana Djindji\u0107a 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andriana","family":"Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Blvd Zorana Djindji\u0107a 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7184-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina N.","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Blvd Zorana Djindji\u0107a 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Stokanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Blvd Zorana Djindji\u0107a 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivera M.","family":"Andreji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina Street 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rada M.","family":"Vu\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica Street 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Pavlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Blvd Zorana Djindji\u0107a 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ignjatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Mom\u010dilovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, University Clinical Center Nis, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1644","article-title":"Prognostic performance of multiple biomarkers in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: Analysis from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 trial (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 36)","volume":"63","author":"Bonaca","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Expression and function of galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, in human monocytes and macrophages","volume":"147","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.159160","article-title":"Galectin-3 is an amplifier of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque progression through macrophage activation and monocyte chemoattraction","volume":"28","author":"Papaspyridonos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00794.x","article-title":"The regulation of inflammation by galectin-3","volume":"230","author":"Henderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2156","article-title":"Human galectin-3 is a novel chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"165","author":"Sano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.7.3479","article-title":"A human lectin, galectin-3 (epsilon bp\/Mac-2), stimulates superoxide production by neutrophils","volume":"154","author":"Yamaoka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070726","article-title":"Galectin-3 expression and secretion links macrophages to the promotion of renal fibrosis","volume":"172","author":"Henderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64975-9","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the galectin-3 gene results in attenuated peritoneal inflammatory responses","volume":"156","author":"Hsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.081","article-title":"Predictive value of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"169","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs205","article-title":"Baseline and serial measurements of galectin-3 in patients with heart failure: Relationship to prognosis and effect of treatment with valsartan inthe Val-HeFT","volume":"15","author":"Anand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.08.021","article-title":"The predictive value of galectin-3 for mortality and cardiovascular events in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA)","volume":"164","author":"Gullestad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.10.012","article-title":"Usefulness of a combination of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, galectin-3, and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide to predict cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"113","author":"Higueras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlovi\u0107, M., Apostolovi\u0107, S., Stokanovi\u0107, D., Mom\u010dilovi\u0107, S., Jevtovi\u0107-Stoimenov, T., \u0106iri\u0107 Zdravkovi\u0107, S., \u0160alinger Martinovi\u0107, S., Krsti\u0107, N., Kora\u0107evi\u0107, G., and Djordjevic, D. (2017). The Association between Galectin-3 and hs-CRP and the Clinical Outcome after Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction with Preexisting Atrial Fibrillation. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15265-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, M., Cheung, A., Wang, Q.S., Li, G., Goudis, C.A., Bazoukis, G., Lip, G.Y.H., Baranchuk, A., Korantzopoulos, P., and Letsas, K.P. (2020). Galectin-3 and risk of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 34.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23104"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcme.2014.10.003","article-title":"Galectin-3 in patients undergoing ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"5","author":"Clementy","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJC Metab. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12637","article-title":"The Association of Serum Galectin-3 Levels with Atrial Electrical and Structural Remodeling","volume":"26","author":"Yalcin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.04.018","article-title":"Galectin-3 in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Agnelloa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00683-8","article-title":"Galectin-3 gene (LGALS3) expression in experimental atherosclerosis and cultured smooth muscle cells","volume":"430","author":"Arar","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Galectin-3expression in human atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"152","author":"Nachtigal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070348","article-title":"Galectin-3 gene inactivation reduces atherosclerotic lesions and adventitial inflammation in ApoE-deficient mice","volume":"172","author":"Nachtigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-019-00387-9","article-title":"Value of Galectin-3 in Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagno, G., Padoan, L., Stenner, E., Bele\u00f9, A., Ziberna, F., Hiche, C., Paldino, A., Barbati, G., Biolo, G., and Fiotti, N. (2019). Galectin 3 and Galectin 3 Binding Protein Improve the Risk Stratification after Myocardial Infarction. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050570"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne, C.E., Fitzgerald, A., Cannon, C.P., Fitzgerald, D.J., and Shields, D.C. (2004). Elevated white cell count in acute coronary syndromes: Relationship to variants in inflammatory and thrombotic genes. BMC Med. Genet., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-5-13"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.666","article-title":"Predictive Value of Hematologic Indices in the Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Luke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Markers of low-grade inflammation and soluble cell adhesion molecules in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shumilah, A.M., Othman, A.M., and Al-Madhagi, A.K. (2021). Accuracy of neutrophil to lymphocyte and monocyte to lymphocyte ratios as new inflammatory markers in acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02236-7"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"17","article-title":"Components of the complete blood count as risk predictors for coronary heart disease: In-depth review and update","volume":"40","author":"Madjid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst.J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"231","article-title":"Relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein serum levels and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"12","author":"Seyedian","year":"2016","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"789","article-title":"Relationship between serum IL-8 hsCRP, TNF-alpha and coronary lesions in CHD patients","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"139","article-title":"Relation between hs-CRP level and severity of coronary artery stenosis","volume":"36","author":"Beyranvand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1157\/13108995","article-title":"Evaluation of patients with acute chest pain of uncertain origin by means of serial measurement of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein","volume":"60","author":"Lozano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12757","article-title":"Galectin-3 Predicts Left Ventricular Remodeling of Hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000197","article-title":"Assessment of relationship between galectin-3 and ambulatory ECG-based microvolt T-wave alternans in sustained systolic-diastolic hypertension patients","volume":"21","author":"Pusuroglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Press. Monit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05876","article-title":"Galectin-3 blockade inhibits cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in experimental hyperaldosteronism and hypertension","volume":"66","author":"Calvier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.190512","article-title":"Aldosterone inhibits antifibrotic factors in mouse hypertensive heart","volume":"59","author":"Azibani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayor, M., Wang, N., Larson, M.G., Vasan, R.S., Levy, D., and Ho, J.E. (2015). Circulating Galectin-3 Is Associated With Cardiometabolic Disease in the Community. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 5.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002347"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716608","article-title":"Evaluation of Galectin-3 as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"12","author":"Kanukurti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Royo, G., Gallardo, I., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, E., Guti\u00e9rrez, B., Jurado-L\u00f3pez, R., L\u00f3pez-Andr\u00e9s, N., Guti\u00e9rrez-Tenorio, J., Rial, E., Bartolom\u00e9, M., and Nieto, M.L. (2018). Inhibition of galectin-3 ameliorates the consequences of cardiac lipotoxicity in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Dis. Model Mech., 11.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.032086"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menini, S., Iacobini, C., Blasetti Fantauzzi, C., Pesce, C.M., and Pugliese, G. (2016). Role of Galectin-3 in Obesity and Impaired Glucose Homeostasis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9618092"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2018.38.4.306","article-title":"Galectin-3 Reflects the Echocardiographic Grades of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction","volume":"38","author":"Ansari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionin, V.A., Baranova, E.I., Zaslavskaya, E.L., Petrishcheva, E.Y., Morozov, A.N., and Shlyakhto, E.V. (2020). Galectin-3, N-terminal Propeptides of Type I and III Procollagen in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165689"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000802","article-title":"Clinical and prognostic association of total atrial conduction time in patients with heart failure: A report from Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure","volume":"20","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e540","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000001430","article-title":"Trimetazidine Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease: The Impact on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Long-Term Prognosis","volume":"28","author":"Bobescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Yu, L., Li, X., and Li, X. (2021). Protective Mechanism of Trimetazidine in Myocardial Cells in Myocardial Infarction Rats through ERK Signaling Pathway. Biomed. Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9924549"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.031310","article-title":"Long term cardioprotective action of trimetazidine and potential effect on the inflammatory process in patients with ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"91","author":"Taccardi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X.Y., Zhong, Z., Chong, A.G., Zhang, W.W., and Wu, X.D. (2021). Function and Mechanism of Trimetazidine in Myocardial Infarction-Induced Myocardial Energy Metabolism Disorder Through the SIRT1-AMPK Pathway. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.645041"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Shi, X., Gao, J., Zhou, R., Guo, F., Zhang, Y., Fan, F., Zhai, Q., Sun, M., and Yang, H. (2021). Danhong Injection and Trimetazidine Protect Cardiomyocytes and Enhance Calcium Handling after Myocardial Infarction. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2480465"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e871","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000180","article-title":"Trimetazidine in Practice: Review of the Clinical and Experimental Evidence","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6376","article-title":"Organic Nitrate Therapy, Nitrate Tolerance, and Nitrate-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Emphasis on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress","volume":"23","author":"Daiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"4793","article-title":"Role of short-acting nitroglycerin in the management of ischemic heart disease","volume":"9","author":"Boden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001598","article-title":"Nitrat\u2019s effect on activity tolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction trial: Rationale and design","volume":"8","author":"Zakeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.1064","article-title":"The Role of Nitroglycerin and Other Nitrogen Oxides in Cardiovascular Therapeutics","volume":"70","author":"Divakaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp457","article-title":"Chronic nitrate therapy is associated with different presentation and evolution of acute coronary syndromes: Insights from 52,693 patients in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events","volume":"31","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Z., Gai, W., and Song, D. (2020). Postconditioning with Nitrates Protects Against Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: A New Use for an Old Pharmacological Agent. Med. Sci. Monit., 26.","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.923129"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14674","article-title":"Stimulation of \u03b2-adrenoceptors up-regulates cardiac expression of galectin-3 and BIM through the Hippo signalling pathway","volume":"176","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26115-y","article-title":"Mechanisms responsible for increased circulating levels of galectin-3 in cardiomyopathy and heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.03.056","article-title":"Usefulness of plasma galectin-3 levels in systolic heart failure to predict renal insufficiency and survival","volume":"108","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2016.0154","article-title":"Biomarkers of apoptosis, inflammation, and cardiac extracellular matrix remodelling in the prognosis of heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Osmancik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1159\/000506072","article-title":"Galectin-3 Induces Atrial Fibrosis by Activating the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad Pathway in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"145","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"147","article-title":"Efficacy evaluation of serum galectin-3 in hypertension complicated with diastolic dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.246850","article-title":"Interaction of Galectin-3 Concentrations with the Treatment Effects of \u03b2-Blockers and RAS Blockade in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: A Derivation-Validation Study from TIME-CHF and GISSI-HF","volume":"62","author":"Masson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrejic, O.M., Vucic, R.M., Pavlovic, M., McClements, L., Stokanovic, D., Jevtovic\u2013Stoimenov, T., and Nikolic, V.N. (2019). Association between Galectin-3 levels within central and peripheral venous blood, and adverse left ventricular remodelling after first acute myocardial infarction. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49511-4"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/2\/286\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:19:19Z","timestamp":1760134759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/2\/286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina58020286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58020286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]}}}