{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:46:47Z","timestamp":1790545607733,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u00a0and Objectives: Some respiratory viruses demonstrate neurotropic capacities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently taken over the globe, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on postural control in subjects who have recently recovered from the infection. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three convalescents who underwent COVID-19 within the preceding 2\u20134 weeks, and 35 healthy controls were enrolled. The ground reaction forces were registered with the use of a force platform during quiet standing. The analysis of the resultant center of foot pressure (COP) decomposed into rambling (RAMB) and trembling (TREMB) and sample entropy was conducted. Results: Range of TREMB was significantly increased in subjects who experienced anosmia\/hyposmia during COVID-19 when the measurement was performed with closed eyes (p = 0.03). In addition, subjects who reported dyspnea during COVID-19 demonstrated significant increase of length and velocity of COP (p &lt; 0.001), RAMB (p &lt; 0.001), and TREMB (p &lt; 0.001), indicating substantial changes in postural control. Conclusions: Subjects who had experienced olfactory dysfunction or respiratory distress during COVID-19 demonstrate symptoms of balance deficits after COVID-19 recovery, and the analysis using rambling-trembling decomposition method might point at less efficient peripheral control. Monitoring for neurological sequelae of COVID-19 should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["COVID-19 and Postural Control\u2014A Stabilographic Study Using Rambling-Trembling Decomposition Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8268-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u017bychowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Jaworecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kajetan","family":"S\u0142omka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Marsza\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Rzepko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-326 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9481-7609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Czarny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-326 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5573-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04575-3","article-title":"Neuroinvasions, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: Understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients","volume":"41","author":"Yachou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030638","article-title":"Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus","volume":"10","author":"Lau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5331-1_75","article-title":"Persistent infection of neural cell lines by human coronaviruses","volume":"440","author":"Arbour","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2047606","article-title":"iTUG, a sensitive and reliable measure of mobility","volume":"18","author":"Salarian","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.01.004","article-title":"Are there specific conditions for which expertise in gymnastics could have an effect on postural control and performance?","volume":"27","author":"Asseman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2019-0048","article-title":"The effect of training experience on postural control in competitive wrestlers","volume":"70","author":"Rzepko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S., Milosevic, M., Chung, C.M., and Lee, Y. (2019). Contractile properties of superficial skeletal muscles affect postural control in healthy young adults: A test of the rambling and trembling hypothesis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223850"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.3.1.28","article-title":"Instant uquilibrium point and its migration in standing tasks: Rambling and trembling components of the stabilogram","volume":"3","author":"Zatsiorsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2009.02.001","article-title":"Effects of joint immobilization on standing balance","volume":"28","author":"Freitas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.22.1.51","article-title":"Changes in postural sway and its fractions in conditions of postural instability","volume":"22","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.15.4.481","article-title":"Age-related changes in postural control: Rambling and trembling trajectories","volume":"15","author":"Ferronato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039","article-title":"Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy","volume":"278","author":"Richman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00251","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, more than a respiratory virus: Its potential role in neuropathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Singal","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cehm. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e928996","article-title":"Long-term respiratory and neurological sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.010","article-title":"Virus infections in the nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host. Microbe."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02012-06","article-title":"Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"81","author":"McCray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00210","article-title":"Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: Identification of cell types and trends with age","volume":"11","author":"Bilinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01312","article-title":"The lung macrophage in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A friend or a foe?","volume":"11","author":"Abassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00947-7","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and neurological targets in the brain","volume":"42","author":"Lukiw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033906","article-title":"Glial cell dysregulation: A new perspective on Alzheimer disease","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.06.002","article-title":"Viral infections in the developing and mature brain","volume":"29","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16091","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2400-10.2010","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor-3 agonist polyinosinic: Polycytidylic acid triggers nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration","volume":"30","author":"Deleidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5427-08.2009","article-title":"Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal transport proteins combined with striatal neuroinflammation precede dopaminergic neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha-synucleinopathy","volume":"29","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5804-08.2009","article-title":"Inflammation triggers synaptic alterations and degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"29","author":"Centonze","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04374-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions","volume":"162","author":"Zanin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102377","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"45","author":"Palao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2015_04_338","article-title":"Transolfactory neuroinvasion by viruses threatens the human brain","volume":"59","author":"Mori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0475-y","article-title":"The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: Integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology","volume":"67","author":"Ikeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E449","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000142005.21714.32","article-title":"Seated postural control in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Bennett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.09.013","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and postural control: The role of spasticity","volume":"91","author":"Sosnoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"210","article-title":"The reliability of a rambling\u2013trembling analysis of center of pressure measures","volume":"37","author":"Juras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.08.029","article-title":"The effects of early stages of aging on postural sway: A multiple domain balance assessment using a force platform","volume":"64","author":"Degani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1521-7","article-title":"Complexity of human postural control in young and older adults during prolonged standing","volume":"191","author":"Duarte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-38","article-title":"Entropy of balance\u2014Some recent results","volume":"7","author":"Borg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03422-4","article-title":"The complexity of standing postural sway associates with future falls in community-dwelling older adults: The MOBILIZE Boston study","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/2\/305\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:21:18Z","timestamp":1760134878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/2\/305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina58020305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58020305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]}}}