{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1791363909399,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["777204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777204"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Province of Vojvodina \u2013 Projects of importance for the development of scientific research activities (2021-2024)","award":["142-451-2568\/2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142-451-2568\/2021-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disease that affects approximately 1 in 500 people. Due to an incomplete disease penetrance associated with numerous factors, HCM is not manifested in all carriers of genetic mutation. Although about two-thirds of patients are male, it seems that female gender is associated with more severe disease phenotype and worse prognosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gender related differences in HCM presentation. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a part of the international multidisciplinary SILICOFCM project. Clinical information, laboratory analyses, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and genetic testing data were collected for 362 HCM patients from four clinical centers (Florence, Newcastle, Novi Sad, and Regensburg). There were 33% female patients, and 67% male patients. Results: Female patients were older than males (64.5 vs. 53.5 years, p &lt; 0.0005). The male predominance was present across all age groups until the age of 70, when gender distribution became comparable. Females had higher number of symptomatic individuals then males (69% vs. 52%, p = 0.003), most frequently complaining of dyspnea (50% vs. 30%), followed by chest pain (30% vs. 17%), fatigue (26% vs. 13%), palpitations (22% vs. 13%), and syncope (13% vs. 8%). The most common rhythm disorder was atrial fibrillation which was present in a similar number of females and males (19% vs. 13%, p = 0.218). Levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were comparable between the genders (571 vs. 794 ng\/L, p = 0.244). Echocardiography showed similar thickness of interventricular septum (18 vs. 16 mm, p = 0.121) and posterolateral wall (13 vs. 12 mm, p = 0.656), however, females had a lower number of systolic anterior motion (8% vs. 16%, p = 0.020) and other mitral valve abnormalities. Conclusions: Female patients are underrepresented but seem to have a more pronounced clinical presentation of HCM. Therefore, establishing gender specific diagnostic criteria for HCM should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:22:19Z","timestamp":1645431739000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Gender Related Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy\u2014An Analysis from the SILICOFCM Database"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Andrej","family":"Preveden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miodrag","family":"Golubovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8435-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Bjelobrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Miljkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snezana","family":"Stojsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragan","family":"Gajic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mila","family":"Glavaski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-4429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars S.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II (Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Care), University Medical Centre Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nduka","family":"Okwose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research, Translational and Clinical Research and Biosciences Institute, Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Medicine Theme, Faculty Research Centre (CSELS), Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health Studies, Coventry University, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV1 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejana","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Barlocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsen","family":"Ristic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy A.","family":"MacGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research, Translational and Clinical Research and Biosciences Institute, Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-9266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iacopo","family":"Olivotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9964-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nenad","family":"Filipovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Research and Development Center, BioIRC, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djordje G.","family":"Jakovljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research, Translational and Clinical Research and Biosciences Institute, Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Medicine Theme, Faculty Research Centre (CSELS), Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health Studies, Coventry University, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV1 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2907-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazar","family":"Velicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60397-3","article-title":"Hypertrophic 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