{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:53:19Z","timestamp":1793109199566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallstones affect 20% of the Western population and will grow in clinical significance as obesity and metabolic diseases become more prevalent. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is a common treatment for diseases caused by gallstones, with 1.2 million surgeries in the US each year, each costing USD 10,000. Gallbladder disease has a significant impact on the logistics and economics of healthcare. We discuss the two most common presentations of gallbladder disease (biliary colic and cholecystitis) and their pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms. We discuss the factors that affect clinical care, including diagnosis, treatment outcomes, surgical risk factors, quality of life and cost-efficacy. We highlight the importance of standardised guidelines and objective scoring systems in improving quality, consistency and compatibility across healthcare providers and in improving patient outcomes, collaborative opportunities and the cost-effectiveness of treatment. Guidelines and scoring only exist in select areas of the care pathway. Opportunities exist elsewhere in the care pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58030388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Need for Standardizing Diagnosis, Treatment and Clinical Care of Cholecystitis and Biliary Colic in Gallbladder Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Doherty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Personalised Medicine, Ulster University, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Manktelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Personalised Medicine, Ulster University, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Skelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Personalised Medicine, Ulster University, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK"},{"name":"Western Health and Social Care Trust, Altnagelvin Hospital, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paddy","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics & Policy Analysis Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, ILAS Building, Upper Newcastle Road, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Bjourson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Personalised Medicine, Ulster University, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK"},{"name":"Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Watterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Derry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jones, M.W., and Deppen, J.G. 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