{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T10:41:08Z","timestamp":1794652868015,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Tibial malunions are defined as tibial fractures that have healed in a clinically unacceptable position, resulting in deformity such as shortening, lengthening, abnormal rotation, or angulation. These deformities can have adverse effects on patients, such as pain and gait disturbance, as well as long term development of post-traumatic arthritis. This paper seeks to highlight some of the options for surgical management of malunions and detail the strategies and approaches used to manage these complicated cases. Materials and Methods: An exhaustive search was conducted on PubMed using the key search terms \u201cTibial\u201d OR \u201cTibia\u201d AND \u201cMalunion\u201d to be included in the title. Exclusions to the search included any article with patients aged &lt; 18 years, any nonhuman subjects, and any article not published or translated into English. Results: A systematic review of the literature revealed 26 articles encompassing 242 patients who had undergone surgical correction for tibia malunion. A total of 19 patients suffered from complications. Methods of treatment included osteotomies, with plate and screws, external fixator, angled blade plate, intramedullary nails, Ilizarov fixator, Taylor Spatial Frame, Precise nail, and total knee arthroplasty. Restoring alignment and the articular surface led to overwhelmingly positive patient outcomes. Conclusions: Tibial malunions take many forms, and as such, there are many approaches to correcting deformities. The literature supports the following radiological parameters to diagnose tibial malunion: 5\u201310 degrees angulation, 1\u20132 cm shortening, 10\u201315 degrees internal rotation, and 10\u201320 degrees external rotation. Surgical plans should be customized to each individual patient, as there are many approaches to tibial malunion that have been shown to be successful in delivering excellent clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58030389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Malunion of the Tibia: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1437-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishan","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austen","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6870-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466090-00002","article-title":"Prefabricated functional braces for the treatment of fractures of the tibial diaphysis","volume":"66","author":"Sarmiento","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. 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