{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:25:51Z","timestamp":1790814351809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study was supported by a statutory grant from the Jagiellonian University Medical College (N41\/DBS\/000193; to K.K.)","award":["N41\/DBS\/000193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/000193"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Anemia is common in multiple myeloma (MM) and is caused by a complex pathomechanism, including impaired iron homeostasis. Our aim is to evaluate the biomarkers of iron turnover: serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and hepcidin-25 in patients at various stages of MM in relation with markers of anemia, iron status, inflammation, renal impairment and burden of the disease and as predictors of mortality. Materials and methods: Seventy-three MM patients (six with smoldering and 67 with symptomatic disease) were recruited and observed for up to 27 months. Control group included 21 healthy individuals. Serum sTfR and hepcidin were measured with immunoenzymatic assays. Results: MM patients with and without anemia had higher sTFR compared to controls, while only anemic patients had higher hepcidin-25. Both hepcidin-25 and sTfR were higher in anemic than non-anemic patients. Higher hepcidin-25 (but not sTfR) was associated with increasing MM advancement (from smoldering to International Staging System stage III disease) and with poor response to MM treatment, which was accompanied by lower blood hemoglobin and increased anisocytosis. Neither serum hepcidin-25 nor sTfR were correlated with markers of renal impairment. Hepcidin-25 predicted blood hemoglobin in MM patients independently of other predictors, including markers of renal impairment, inflammation and MM burden. Moreover, both blood hemoglobin and serum hepcidin-25 were independently associated with patients\u2019 2-year survival. Conclusions: Our results suggest that hepcidin-25 is involved in anemia in MM and its concentrations are not affected by kidney impairment. Moreover, serum hepcidin-25 may be an early predictor of survival in this disease, independent of hemoglobin concentration. It should be further evaluated whether including hepcidin improves the early diagnosis of anemia in MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58030417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T12:58:36Z","timestamp":1647003516000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Key Role of Hepcidin-25 in Anemia in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Renal Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Banaszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Ma\u0142yszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Batko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4606-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Koc-\u017b\u00f3rawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"\u017b\u00f3rawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-254 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3667-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Dumnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Jurczyszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Woziwodzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Maleszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics, University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Krzanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Kra\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard","family":"Dro\u017cd\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8120-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Krzanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25791","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma: 2020 Update on Diagnosis, Risk-Stratification and Management","volume":"95","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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