{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:51:49Z","timestamp":1762055509672,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common chorioretinal disorder. It has been postulated that impaired retinal pigment epithelium and hyperpermeability of the choriocapillaris may be involved in the development of CSC, but the exact pathomechanism has not been established. We report an unusual case of a middle-aged man who developed CSC after triamcinolone acetonide injection for macular edema. Edema developed as a late complication of radiation retinopathy after brachytherapy for childhood retinoblastoma. Steroid treatment is an important risk factor for CSC, but the underlying causative mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. It is important to increase the awareness of this link among clinicians who prescribe exogenous corticosteroids, irrespective of the route of administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in a Patient with Radiation Retinopathy Complicated by Corticosteroid-Induced Central Serous Chorioretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Chrz\u0105szcz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-551 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mackiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-551 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Pociej-Marciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-551 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Romanowska-Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-551 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2859-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kubicka-Trz\u0105ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-551 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Gaw\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dobry Wzrok Ophthalmological Clinic, 80-402 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-6277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabella","family":"Karska-Basta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-551 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04940-0","article-title":"Pachychoroid: Current concepts on clinical features and pathogenesis","volume":"259","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"724","article-title":"Quality of life of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy\u2014A major cause of vision threat among middle-aged individuals","volume":"17","author":"Sanak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"235","article-title":"Differences in anti-endothelial and anti-retinal antibody titers: Implications for the pathohysiology of acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"71","author":"Chrzaszcz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karska-Basta, I., Pociej-Marciak, W., Chrz\u0105szcz, M., Kubicka-Trz\u0105ska, A., D\u0119bicka-Kumela, M., Gaw\u0119cki, M., Romanowska-Dixon, B., and Sanak, M. (2021). Imbalance in the levels of angiogenic factors in patients with acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10051087"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.05.003","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: Recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis","volume":"48","author":"Daruich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312431","article-title":"Patient characteristics and risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy: An analysis of 811 patients","volume":"103","author":"Ersoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5970659","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5970659","article-title":"Risk factors for persistent or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"2019","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2018.0115","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy following intravitreal dexamethasone implant","volume":"33","author":"Noh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-019-2143-3","article-title":"Central serous retinopathy associated with topical oral corticosteroid use: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00338-7","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy and glucocorticoids","volume":"47","author":"Bouzas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.02.009","article-title":"Aflibercept for radiation maculopathy study: A prospective, randomized clinical study","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.007","article-title":"Treatment of radiation maculopathy and radiation-induced macular edema: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Fallico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000352","article-title":"Monthly intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema after iodine-125 plaque radiotherapy of uveal melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000745","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with steroid enema","volume":"15","author":"Peiris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0932-2","article-title":"Exacerbation of central serous chorioretinopathy following intravitreal triamcinolone injection","volume":"246","author":"Kocabora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00379.x","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy following vitrectomy with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular oedema","volume":"83","author":"Imasawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0772","article-title":"Toxicity of Triamcinolone Acetonide on Retinal Neurosensory and Pigment Epithelial Cells","volume":"42","author":"Narayanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, T., Ishikawa, H., Iwahashi, C., Niki, M., Mitamura, Y., Sugimoto, M., Kondo, M., Kinoshita, T., Nishi, T., and Ueda, T. (2019). Central serous chorioretinopathy with and without steroids: A multicenter survey. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213110"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12854","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness after systemic administration of high-dose corticosteroids: A pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00244-4","article-title":"\u201cOld wine in a new bottle\u201d\u2014Post COVID-19 infection, central serous chorioretinopathy and the steroids","volume":"11","author":"Sanjay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic. Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"151","article-title":"Intranasal Corticosteroids and central serous chorioretinopathy: A report and review of the literature","volume":"78","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hawaii J. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01117-X","article-title":"Corticosteroids and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"109","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61427","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor is involved in rat and human ocular chorioretinopathy","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/7\/862\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:42Z","timestamp":1760139582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/7\/862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina58070862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58070862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}}}