{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:16:14Z","timestamp":1788934574411,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Spinal fusion is an effective and widely accepted intervention. However, complications such as non-unions and hardware failures are frequently observed. Radiologic imaging and physical examination are still the gold standards in the assessment of spinal fusion, despite multiple limitations including radiation exposure and subjective image interpretation. Furthermore, current diagnostic methods only allow fusion assessment at certain time points and require the patient\u2019s presence at the hospital or medical practice. A recently introduced implantable sensor system for continuous and wireless implant load monitoring in trauma applications carries the potential to overcome these drawbacks, but transferability of the principle to the spine has not been demonstrated yet. Materials and Methods: The existing trauma sensor was modified for attachment to a standard pedicle-screw-rod system. Two lumbar segments (L2 to L4) of one Swiss white alpine sheep were asymmetrically instrumented. After facetectomy, three sensors were attached to the rods between each screw pair and activated for measurement. The sheep was euthanized 16 weeks postoperatively. After radiological assessment the spine was explanted and loaded in flexion-extension to determine the range of motion of the spinal segments. Sensor data were compared with mechanical test results and radiologic findings. Results: The sensors measured physiological rod loading autonomously over the observation period and delivered the data daily to bonded smartphones. At euthanasia the relative rod load dropped to 67% of the respective maximum value for the L23 segment and to 30% for the L34 segment. In agreement, the total range of motion of both operated segments was lower compared to an intact reference segment (L23: 0.57\u00b0; L34: 0.49\u00b0; intact L45: 4.17\u00b0). Radiologic assessment revealed fusion mass in the facet joint gaps and bilateral bridging bone around the joints at both operated segments. Conclusions: Observations of this single-case study confirm the basic ability of continuous rod load measurement to resolve the spinal fusion process as indicated by a declining rod load with progressing bone fusion. A strong clinical potential of such technology is eminent, but further data must be collected for final proof of principle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T05:41:06Z","timestamp":1657086066000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Continuous Rod Load Monitoring to Assess Spinal Fusion Status\u2013Pilot In Vivo Data in Sheep"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8077-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Windolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9298-1923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Heumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Trauma Research Center Ulm, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Varjas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Constant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5352-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7778-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Geoff","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Trauma Research Center Ulm, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorin Michael","family":"Benneker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Unit, Sonnenhof Spital, 3006 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, B.C. 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